第一单元 名词性从句
语法点:
名词性从句
语法解释:
(一)名词性从句的本质
所谓名词性从句,就是把完整的句子经过适当调整后当作名词来使用。一般来讲,名词在句中主要充当四种成分:主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同样,我们也可以用一个完整的句子充当这四种成分,常见的名词性从句包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
什么句子可以当作名词来用呢?能够起作名词作用的句子有三类:陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。
因此,名词性从句可简单理解为:名词性从句就是用三种句子来分别充当另外一个句子的四种句子成分。
但是,这三种句子不是直接放在另一个句子中作成分,而是要作适当调整。
(二)句式调整
1. 用陈述句作成分时,需要在句首加that来引导。例如:
陈述句 | 名词从句 | 解释 |
English is difficult. | That English is difficult is not my idea.(有人认为英语很难,我可不这么认为。) | 陈述句作主语,构成主语从句。 |
Love, not time heals all wounds. | I’ve learned that love, not time heals all wounds. (我明白了,是爱而不是时间能够治愈一切创伤。) | 陈述句作宾语,构成宾语从句。 |
The child should be sent to school. | My idea is that the child should be sent to school. (我认为这孩子应该送去上学。) | 陈述句作表语,构成表语从句。 |
He succeeded in the experiment. | The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. (他试验取得成功,这让大家很高兴。) | 陈述句作同位语,补充说明名词the fact,构成同位语从句。 |
2. 用一般疑问句作成分时,需要先将疑问句的倒装语序换成正常语序,然后在句首加上whether或if (if只用于宾语从句中)来引导,以保留原句疑问意义。例如:
一般疑问句 | 名词从句 | 解释 |
Will he come to my party? | Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.(他来不来参加我的聚会对我来说无所谓。) | 一般疑问句作主语,构成主语从句。 |
Does he need my help? | I don’t know if / whether he needs my help. (我不知道他是否需要我的帮助。) | 一般疑问句作宾语,构成宾语从句。 |
Will people live on the moon someday? | My question is whether people will live on the moon someday. (我的问题是,人类在未来某一天是否真的能生活在月球上。) | 一般疑问句作表语,构成表语从句。 |
Is there life on other planets? | Scientists have argued over the question whether there is life on other planets. (科学家们一直就是否有外星人这个问题争论不休。) | 一般疑问句作同位语,补充说明question,构成同位语从句。 |
3. 用特殊疑问句作成分时,只需要将疑问句的倒装语序换成正常的陈述语序。例如:
特殊疑问句 | 名词从句 | 解释 |
Why did dinosaurs become extinct? (恐龙为什么会灭绝?) | Why dinosaurs became extinct is still a mystery. (恐龙为什么会灭绝目前还是个未解之谜。) | 特殊疑问句作主语,构成主语从句。 |
How many letters are there in the English alphabet? (英文字母表中有多少个字母?) | I don’t know how many letters there are in the English alphabet. (我不知道英文字母表中有多少个字母。) | 特殊疑问句作宾语,构成宾语从句。 |
What are we badly in need of? (我们目前最需要什么?) | Money is what we are badly in need of. (我们急需的就是钱。) | 特殊疑问句作表语,构成表语从句。 |
Where could we get the loan? (我们能去哪里弄到这笔贷款?) | There arose the question where we could get the loan. (现在的问题是我们去哪里弄到这笔贷款。) | 特殊疑问句作同位语,补充说明question,构成同位语从句。 |
4. 引导名词从句的常用连词:
名词从句的引导词 | 对应的句子类型 | 是否作成分 |
连词thatconstant love什么意思 | 陈述句 | that 在从句中不作成分 |
连词whether, if | 一般疑问句 | whether, if 在从句中不作成分 |
连接副词when, where, why, how | 特殊疑问句 | when, where, why, how 在从句中作状语; |
连接代词:who, whom, what, which, whose | 特殊疑问句 | who, whom, what 在从句中作主语,宾语或表语; whose 在从句中作定语,后面接名词连用; which在从句中可作主语和宾语,也可以作定语,后面接名词连用。 |
5. 在一个句子当中,可能会含有多个名词从句,这样会使句子变得更复杂,遇到时要仔细
分析句子结构。例如:
a) I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say. (我后来意识到,当时所说的话并非是我真正想要说的。)在that引导的宾语从句中同时含有what引导的主语从句和what引导的表语从句。
b) The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice. (问题是,你所学到的知识如何才能应用于实践。)在how引导的表语从句中含有what引导的主语从句。
用例:
(一)主语从句
1. that 引导的主语从句句型:
that 引导的主语从句直接放在句首的较少,如:
a) That he doesn’t understand English is obvious.
b) That the world is round is a fact.
c) That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.
更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首,而将that引导的主语从句放在句末,例如:
a) It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
b) It is a shame that you didn’t pass the test.
下列句型是常见的主语从句句型:
1) It is + 过去分词 + that 从句:
It’s reported that … 据报道
It’s believed that … 人们相信
It is generally thought that … 人们普遍认为
It should be noted that … 应当注意
It has been found that … 现已发现
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出
可用于同样句型的动词有:say, expect, know, estimate, forecast 等。
2) It is + 形容词 + that 从句:
It is clear that … 显然
It is possible that … 很可能
It is likely that … 很可能
It is natural that … 很自然
It is certain that … 可以相信
It is strange that … 奇怪的是
It is fortunate that … 幸运的是
It is necessary that … 有必要
3) It is + 名词短语 + that 从句:a pity, a shame, an honor, a good idea, no wonder, 等等。
It is a pity that … 可惜的是
It is a fact that … 事实是
It is good news that … ……真是太好了。
It is a good thing that … ……真是件好事。
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