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1、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. 习惯是一种有趣的现象。我们无意识地养成了一些习惯，将大脑设臵成自动驾驶仪，会不知不觉地在熟悉的日常事物中感到轻松舒适。
1.1 pilot英/'paɪlət/ 美/'paɪlət/n. 飞行员；adj. 试点的v. 驾驶；领航；试用
1.2 routine英/ruː'tiːn/ 美/rʊ'tin/n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事adj. 日常的；例行的
2、"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication. "这并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人"，这是威廉•华兹华斯于19世纪所说的话。在现在这个千变万化的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
2.1 unreflecting英/ʌnrɪ'flektɪŋ/ 美/,ʌnri'flektiŋ/adj. 不反射的；不反省的；浅薄的；无思想的
2.2 herd英/hɜːd/ 美/hɝd/n. 兽，畜；放牧人vt. 放牧；使成vi. 成，聚在一起
2.3 ever-changing adj. 千变万化的；常变的
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1、So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。in the same context在同样情况下
1.1 paradoxical英/,pærə'dɒksɪk(ə)l/ 美/,pærə'dɑksɪkl/adj. 矛盾的；诡论的；似非而是的
1.2 context英/'kɒntekst/ 美/'kɑntɛkst/n. 环境；上下文；来龙去脉
2、But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our train s of thought onto new, innovative tracks. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上。
2.1 path英/pɑːθ/ 美/pæθ/n. 道路；小路；轨道
2.2 train英/treɪn/ 美/tren/n. 火车；行列；长队；裙裾v. 培养；训练；瞄准
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1、Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. 我们不用因为自己是受习惯影响的一成不变的生物而对自己不屑一顾，相反我们可以通过有意识的培养新的习惯来指导改变。
1.1 direct英/dəˈrekt; daɪˈrekt/ 美/dəˈrɛkt; daɪˈrɛkt/adj. 直接的；直系的；亲身的；恰好的vt. 管理；指挥；导演；指向adv. 直接地；正好；按直系关系vi. 指导；指挥
2、In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. 事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多，就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带，在工作场所及个人生活中就会变得越有创造性。
2.1 inherently英/ɪnˈhɪərəntlɪ/ 美/ɪnˈhɪrəntlɪ/adv. 内在地；固有地；天性地Paragraph 4
1、But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. 但是，不要白费力气试图戒除旧习惯；一旦这些惯有程序融进脑部，它们就会留在那里。
1.1 rut英/rʌt/ 美/rʌt/n. 发情期；惯例；性冲动；凹槽vt. 挖槽于；在…形成车辙vi. 发情
1.2 wear英/weə/ 美/wɛr/n. 衣物；磨损；耐久性v. 穿着；用旧；耗损；面露
1.3 hippocampus英/,hɪpə(ʊ)'kæmpəs/ n. [解剖][脊椎] 海马；海马体
2、Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 相反，我们有意使之根深蒂固的新习惯会创建平行路径，它们可以绕过原
来那些路径。
2.1 ingrain英/ɪn'greɪn/ 美/'ɪngren/n. 固有品质；原纱染；生染的纤维adj. 生染的；原纱染的；根深蒂固的vt. 使…根深蒂固；就…原料染；生染
2.2 bypass英/'baɪpɑːs/ 美/'baɪpæs/n. 旁路；[公路] 支路vt. 绕开；忽视；设旁路；迂回Paragraph 5
1、"The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."《开放思想》一书的作者，专业思考拍档公司的行政改革顾问Dawna Markova，说："革新所需要的第一样东西，就是一种对好奇的着迷。然而我们被教导去做'决定'，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为'决策者'那样。"她接着说，"但是，决定意味着除了一种可能性外，其它的都被扼杀了。优秀的具有革新精神的思想家总是在探寻着许多其它的可能性。"
1.1 fascination英/,fæsɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n/ 美/,fæsɪ'neʃən/n. 魅力；魔力；入迷
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1、All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. 她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。
2、Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively) and innovatively. 研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战：分析，程序，相关（或合作）和创造。
2.1 analytically英/,ænə'litikəli/ 美/,ænə'lɪtɪkəli/adv. 分析地；解析地
2.2 procedurally程序上地procedural英/prə'siːdʒərəl/ adj. 程序上的
2.3 relationally有关系地，相关地relational英/rɪ'leɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 相关的；亲属的
2.4 collaboratively英/kə'læbərətivli/ 美/kə'læbərətivli/adv. 合作地；协作地
2.5 innovatively独创性地，创新地innovative英/'ɪnəvətɪv/adj. 革新的，创新的；新颖的
3、At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those mode s of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. 但是在青春期结束，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最为宝贵的思维方式。
3.1 adolescence英/ædə'les(ə)ns/ 美/,ædə'lɛsns/n. 青春期or so大约，左右
3.2 mode英/məʊd/ 美/mod/n. 模式；方式；风格；时尚
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1、The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. 标准化测试目前主要强调分析法和程序法这两种方式。也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。
2、"This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year and Ms. Markova's business partner. M.J.Ryan 是2006年出版的著作《今年我将……》一书的作者以及Markova女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说："这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则-任何人都可以做任何事。
3、"That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in. 这是一个我们已经使之永久化的谎言，这会造成平庸。了解你擅长什么，再多做一些就会成就卓越。"这正是培养新习惯的用武之地。
2009 Text 2
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1、It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. 话说，贤父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己做父亲的智慧，或者至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲了。
1.1 boost英/buːst/ 美/bʊst/n. 推动；帮助；宣扬vi. 宣扬；偷窃vt. 促进；增加；支援
2、All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results. 他所要做的就是在住所附近的药店里付30美元买一个父子关系测试包（PTK），然后另支付120美元以获得结果。
2.1 shell英/ʃel/ n. 壳，贝壳；炮弹；外形vt. 剥皮；炮轰vi. 剥落；设定命令行解释器的位臵
2.2 paternity英/pə'tɜːnɪtɪ/ 美/pə'tɝnəti/n. 父权；父系；父系后裔
2.3 drugstore英/'drʌgstɔː/ n. [药] 药房（常兼售化妆品、杂志等杂货）；（美）杂货店Paragraph 2
1、More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. 道格〃福格是Identigene(生产在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他指出自从去年PTK 无需处方就可以买到以来，购买者已经超过6万人。
1.1 prescription 英/prɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n/ n. 药方；指示；惯例adj. 凭处方方可购买的
2、More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500. 超过24家公司直接向公众出售DNA检测工具，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。
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1、Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. 最受欢迎的DNA测试是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它到自己的生物学亲属，家庭也可以用它来追踪到被收
养的孩子。
1.1 adopted英/ə'dɒptɪd/ 美/ə'dɑptɪd/ adj. 被收养的；被采用的adopt英/ə'dɒpt/ 美/ə'dɑpt/vi. 采取；过继vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过
2、DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots . DNA检测也是许多热心的族谱学家最近的时尚做法，还为那些提供家族寻根服务的公司提供了支持。
2.1 rage英/reɪdʒ/ 美/redʒ/n. 愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi. 大怒，发怒；流行，风行
2.2 passionate英/'pæʃ(ə)nət/ 美/'pæʃənət/adj. 热情的；热烈的，激昂的；易怒的
2.3 genealogist英/,dʒi:ni'ælədʒist/ 美/,dʒi:ni'ælədʒist/n. 系谱学者；系谱专家
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1、Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. 许多测试需要从唾液中获取细胞，将唾液送至公司进行检测。所有的测试都需要另外一个相关人员的DNA进行比对。
1.1 swab英/swɒb/ 美/swɑb/n. 药签，[外科] 拭子；医用海绵，纱布；拖把，擦帚；无赖vt. 打扫，擦拭；涂抹（药）于
1.2 saliva英/sə'laɪvə/ 美/sə'laɪvə/n. 唾液；涎
1.3 candidate英/'kændɪdeɪt; -dət/ 美/ˈkændɪˌdet, -dɪt/n. 候选人，候补者；应试者
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1、But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. 但是观察家们持怀疑态度。纽约州立大学的社会学家Troy Duster说，"那些声称可以进行血统检测的人，他们兜售的测试有一定的不准确性"。  1.1 skeptical英/'skeptɪkəl/ 美/'skɛptɪkl/adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的，不可知论的
1.2 false英/fɔːls; fɒls/ 美/fɔls/adj. 错误的；虚伪的；伪造的adv. 欺诈地
1.3 hawk英/hɔːk/ 美/hɔk/vt. 兜售，沿街叫卖；捕捉；咳出vi. 清嗓；咳嗽；像鹰一般地袭击n. 鹰；鹰派成员；掠夺他人的人
2、He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers.他注意到每个人都有许多祖先，仅几个世纪以前就有几百个之多。但是多数血统检测只考虑某个单一系统，或者是遗传自父亲的Y染体，或者是只由母亲遗传的线粒体DNA。
2.1 lineage英/'lɪnɪɪdʒ/ 美/'lɪnɪɪdʒ/n. 血统；家系，[遗] 世系
2.2 chromosome英/'krəʊməsəʊm/ 美/'kroməsom/n. [遗][细胞][染料] 染体（形容词chromosomal，副词chromosomally）
2.3 inherited英/ɪn'herɪtɪd/ 美/ɪn'hɛrɪtid/v. 继承；经遗传而得（inherit的过去分词）adj. 遗传的；继承权的；通过继承得到的
2.4 mitochondrial英/,maɪtəʊ'kɒndrɪəl/ 美/,maɪtoʊ'kɑndriəl/adj. 线粒体的
3、This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. 这个DNA只揭示了一两个祖先的基因信息。但是，
仅仅3代之前，除了曾祖父母，他们还有6个外曾祖父母，或者4代以前，除了曾曾祖父母，他们还有14个外曾曾祖父母。
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1、Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. 批评家们还争论说商业性基因检测的好坏取决于参照基因数据库的好坏，参照基因数据库是用来同样本进行对比的。
2、Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. 一些公司使用的数据库里的数据并非系统性的采集而得，而是将不同研究项目的信息胡乱搜集在一起。
3、This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person`s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. 这意味某个DNA数据库可能会从某些地区收集很多信息，而在别的地区不收集信息，所以一个人的测试结果会随着测试公司的不同而不同。
4、In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and
not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 此外，公司用来评估血缘关系的电脑程序可能申请了专利，不能对其进行同行审查或外界评估。
4.1 evaluation英/ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃn/ 美/ɪ,væljʊ'eʃən/n. 评价；[审计] 评估；估价；求值
2009 Text 3
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1、The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. 贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。1.1 formal英/'fɔːm(ə)l/ 美/'fɔrml/n. 正式的社交活动；夜礼服adj. 正式的；拘谨的；有条理的
2、Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. 毫无疑问，在这两个方面都有所进步对于这些国家及其他国家的社会、政治及学术发展而言是必要的，但是那种认为教育是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重中之重的传统观点是错误的。
2.1 undoubtedly英/ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ/ 美/ʌn'daʊtɪdli/adv. 确实地，毋庸臵疑的
2.2 conventional英/kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的
2.3 rapid英/'ræpɪd/ 美/'ræpɪd/n. 急流；高速交通工具，高速交通网adj. 迅速的，急促的；飞快的；险峻的
3、We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 我们庆幸这个观念不对，因为创立新的教育体制，让足够多的人接受教育以推动经济发展需要两代或三代人来完成。
4、The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. 一家研究机构的研究成果一再表明所有国家的工人都可以进行在职培训以大幅度提高生产率，从而提高生活水平。
4.1 radically英/'rædɪkəlɪ/ 美/'rædɪkli/adv. 根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式Paragraph 2
1、Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the count
ry entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. 具有讽刺意味的是，这一观点的首个证据出现在美国。不久前，随着美国进入衰退，日本正处于泡沫破灭前的高峰期，美国工人被嘲讽没有受过良好教育，并且被认为这是美国经济不景气的主要原因之一。
1.1 ironically英/aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ/ 美/aɪ'rɑnɪkli/adv. 讽刺地；说反话地
1.2 recessing n. 开槽；开凹槽v. 使凹进；休会（recess的ing形式）
1.3 deride英/dɪ'raɪd/ 美/dɪ'raɪd/vt. 嘲笑；嘲弄
1.4 poorly adj. 身体不舒服的；心情恶劣的adv. 贫穷地；贫乏地；不充分地
2、Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. 在全球，不管过去还是现在，日本一直是汽车组装生产力的领袖。然而，研究表明丰田、尼桑和本田位于美国工厂的生产率大约是日本同行的95%，这是美国工人接受在职培训的结果。
swabbing
2.1 assembly英/ə'semblɪ/ 美/ə'sɛmbli/n. 装配；集会，集合
2.2 factory 英/'fækt(ə)rɪ/ 美/ˈfæktəri/n. 工厂；制造厂；代理店

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