时态语态专题
【教学内容】
1.时态 2.被动语态 3.练习
【教学过程】
一、时态
时态是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。常用的时态有:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时。
形式时间 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 |
现在 | do does | am is doing are | have done has |
过去 | did | was doing were | had done |
将来 | shall am/is/are going to do will | will be doing | shall have done will |
过去将来 | Should do would | would be doing | |
(一)一般现在时
用法:1.通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。
Around two o’clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat _bothers_(bother) us.
2.表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。
The earth _goes_ (go) round the sun.
3.表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。
The train _starts_ (start) at seven in the morning.
4.在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。常用的引导词:表时间的有when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day;表条件的有if, unless, provided, as long as.
I’ll go with you, if you _are_ (be) free tomorrow.
注意:在here, there开头的倒装句中,一般现在时表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
(二)一般过去时
1.表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday , last week, in the old days ,when I was five years old, in 1995 等连用。
They _began_ (begin) to work two months ago.
2.一般过去时多和表示过去了的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语,这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。
I _didn't expect_ (not expect) you were waiting for us.
3.表示过去经常、反复发生的动作;used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”,暗含“现在不做了”之意。be used to do sth. 意为“被用于做某事”,不定式表示目的,可用于多种时态。be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事。
He used to __get up_ (get up) early .
He will be used to _getting up_ (get up) early .
Wood is used to ___make___ (make) paper.
(三)一般将来时
1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,结构为will/shall/be going to+动词原形。常用的时间状语有later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。
I _shall/will_ (be) eighteen years old next year.
He _won’t go__ (not go) to the airport to meet her this afternoon.
2、一般将来时的其它表示形式
(1)一般现在时表将来
①按照计划或时刻表要发生的事情。
The new library __opens__ (open) next month.
The plane __takes off_ (take off) at 3:
②在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。
If you __leave__ (leave) tomorrow , I’ll see you at the airport.
When she __comes_ (come), I’ll tell her about it.
(2)现在进行时表将来
现在进行时表示将来,往往是指计划好或准备要做的事。一些表示动作转换的终止性动词,如go, come, leave, start, begin, stay, take off, arrive等,或者也称为位移性动词,其进行时表示马上要做某事。
I __am taking__ (take) the kids to the zoo this Sunday.
He __is leaving____(leave) school in one year’s time.
(3)be to do sth.结构表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。
The president __is to visit____(visit) Japan in May.
I _am to get__ (get) married next year.
(4)be about to do. 结构表示“刚要做某事,马上要做某事,正要做某事”,强调动作即将发生(不跟表将来的时间状语连用)。
We are about to __discuss_ (discuss) this problem.
They were about to __leave__(leave) when the telephone rang.
3、will和be going to的区别。
(1)will多表示带意愿彩的将来或客观上将来要发生的事,也可表示临时做出决定将要做的事。
I __will stay___(stay) with you and help you.
—You have left the light on.
— Oh, so I have. I ___will go__ (go) and turn it off.
(2)be going to常用于口语中,主要用来表示将发生的动作或存在的状态、打算或准备要做的事或根据某种迹象判断可能将要发生的事。
There__is going to be __ (be) an English film this evening.
Look at those clouds. It__is going to rain__(rain). 看那些乌云,要下雨了。
(四)现在完成时
1、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与already, ever, never, just , yet, up to now, so far, recently等副词连用。
I __have___ just ___finished____(finish) my homework.
2、表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续持续下去,此时
经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或加一个现在时间。
I __have known__ (know) him for three years.
He __has lived___ (live) here since 1995.他自1995年以来就住在这儿。
【注意】(1)因为含有for加一段时间或since加一时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有延续性的特点,所以不能使用瞬间动词。
My sister __has been married___ (marry) for 5 years.
My sister___has married___ (marry). Don’t disturb her.
(2)在This/That/It is the first/second/third/..time that..句型里,从句要用现在完成时。
This is the second time that the products of our company __has showed__(show) in the International Exhibition.
(3)It/this is the best (worst, most interesting 等) +名词+从句中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I _have attended__(attend) since I came to this school.
(4)句型It is/since..所使用的两种时态都正确。
It _is/has been__(be) 10 years since I last saw him.
(五)过去完成时
1、过去完成时是一个相对时态,表示过去某个时间之前就已经完成的动作,即“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语(before, after, by),begin和start区别只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
When we got to the station, the train __had left__ (leave).
2、过去完成时表示截止到过去某一时间已经完成的动作。
By the end of last month, we __had reviewed__(review) four books.
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