时态语态讲义
一般现在时
1. 表示经常性的、习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语如：frequently, rarely, occasionally等连用。
I live far away from my parents, so I only go to see them occasionally.
2. 表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象，此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。
Our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
3. 表示目前的状况或状态。
Every day I work from dawn to dark.
4. 表示按时间表拟好的或安排好的事情或要发生的动作。
The shop opens at 9：00 in the morning and closes at 8：00 in the evening.
5. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来。
If he comes this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.
6. 在祈使句中命令或请求对方做某事时，一般现在时表一般将来时
Go across the bridge. You’ll find the hospital on the left.
7. 在以here, there开头的感叹句中，一般现在时表一般将来时
Here comes the bus!
There goes the bell!
一般过去时
1. 表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态。
He worked in my mother's company last year.
2. 表示过去的习惯动作。
Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.
3. 描述几个相继发生的动作，尽管有先有后，都用一般过去时，最后两个动词用and连接。
He opened the door, put the books on the shelf and returned.
4. 在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般过去时代替过去将来时，表示过去将来的动作。
He told me that he wouldn't go back until his mother returned.
一般将来时
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
We shall/will start to learn another book next week.
2. 表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。
We shall/will have a lot of rain next month.
注意：表将来时的几种结构及时态用法比较
①shall/will do
a．表示将来，有时暗含偶然性、临时起意要做某事。
—Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。    —I'll answer it.我去开。
b．在疑问句中可以用来征询听话人的意图或征求允诺。
Will you come here this afternoon?
②be going to do
a．表示打算在最近或将来做某事。
What are you going to do after class?
b．表示“预见”，即有迹象表明要发生某事。
Look at these dark clouds—it is going to rain.
③be to do
a．表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。
He is to be present at the meeting.
b．表示职责、义务、意图、约束、禁止、可能性等。
Smoking is not to be allowed here.
④be about to do 表示“立即的将来”，一般不与时间状语连用。
The train is about to start.
⑤be on the point of doing 表示“快要做某事”，不与确切的时间状语连用。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
⑥现在进行时come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等动词用现在进行时表示计划好近期内要发生的动作。
I'm leaving for Shanghai next week.
⑦一般现在时 表示计划好、安排好在某时要发生某事，往往用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、上下课等。
The first class begins at 8：00 o'clock.
过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去看将来要发生的动作或过去的意图、打算等，有四种构成形式：
(1)should/would do： His sister told him that she would be back on Tuesday.
(2)was/were going to do ：They were going to have a class meeting.
(3)was/were to do ：I was to finish the report in a week.
(4)was/were about to do： The bus was about to leave.
现在进行时
1. 表示说话时正在进行或尚未完成的动作或状态。
They are playing cards now.
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，虽然此时此刻动作不一定在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。
We are making model planes these days.
3. 表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复。
The boy is jumping with joy.
4. 在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。begin和start区别
If they are not doing it, what am I to do?
5. 现在进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用，表示说话者的一种感情彩，如同情、责备、好奇、不满、赞赏等。
She is always complaining.
过去进行时
1. 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作。
He was watching TV at this time yesterday.
2. 与always, continually, forever等连用，表示不耐烦等感情彩。
She was always lying to us.
3. hope, want, wonder, think等词用过去进行时表示有礼貌的请求。
I was wondering if you could answer my questions.
将来进行时
将来进行时，由“shall/will be＋现在分词”构成，表示将来某时刻正在进行的或持续的动作，常表示事情的发展是由表现情况所决定的。
I will be flying to Beijing this time tomorrow.
过去将来进行时
  过去将来进行时，由“should/would be＋现在分词”构成，表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。和过去将来时类似，也常表示计划中的事。
He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.
现在完成时
1. 表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在产生的影响或结果，着眼点在现在。
We have bought a camera.
2. 表示从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作，常与for，since引导的时间状语连用，句中动词必须为延续性动词。
He has lived in America for five years.
3. 某些非延续性动词，在现在完成时中，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has not been in China for five years.
4. 现在完成时用在状语从句中，表示一个动作发生在另一个动作之前。
Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill.
注意：①现在完成时不能与明确指出的表示过去的时间状语如last week, in 1997, a minute ago, when I came in等连用。
②句型It/This is the first 及“It/This is the best/worst/＋名词＋”中的从句要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that he has taken part in the Olympic Games.
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
③have gone to与have been to
两者均可后接地点，前者表示到某地去了，强调说话的当时去某地的人不在现场，主语为第三人称，后者表示曾经去过某地，通常可与表示次数的状语连用。
She has been to Europe twice.
She has gone to Europe.
过去完成时
1. 表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”，句中常用“by the end of＋过去某一时间”或before, when等引导的时间状语。
I had learned 2，000 English words before I came here.
2. 用在时间状语、原因状语等从句中或者宾语从句中，表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作，表动作先后关系等。
He got home and suddenly realized that he had left his key in the office.
3. hope, think, intend, mean, plan, want, expect, wish等动词用过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望、意图、承诺、打算等，含有某种惋惜。

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