现在完成时的用法和过去式的主要区别:
1.概念上的区别:
一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“现在”产生的影响。
现在完成时,①表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果;②过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只是简单表明在过去某个时间[in 1998]去过桂林这一事实,除此以外别无其他)
Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(造成的结果是,Jill现在有了一台新电脑)
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只是简单表明在过去某个时间[in 1998]去过桂林这一事实,除此以外别无其他)
Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(造成的结果是,Jill现在有了一台新电脑)
The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达了。(说明现在的情况:飞机在这儿。)
The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。(强调动作发生的时间在过去。)
第一种:对目前造成的影响;过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果;
Have you seen the film? (A)
Did you see the film? (B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。
Did you see the film? (B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。
第二种:过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。
He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)(live用现在完成时,表明“居住”的动作和现在发生了联系)
He lived in Beijing for 8 years. (B)(live用过去式,表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去,与现在没有关系)
[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。
He lived in Beijing for 8 years. (B)(live用过去式,表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去,与现在没有关系)
[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。
2. 结构上的区别
现在完成时:
基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)
1 肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.
He has finished it. They have worked it out.
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.
He hasn’t finished it. They have worked it out.
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)(V-ed)+宾语.
Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasn’t
Have they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I haven’t
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词(v-ed)+其他)
Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.
一般过去式:
主语+动词的过去式(肯定式)
begin和start区别He did it. We hoped to go there.
主语+did + not +动词原形(否定式)
He didn’t do it. They weren’t there yesterday.
Did+主语+动词的原形(疑问式)
Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t
※过去分词的概念:
①规则动词的【过去分词】的构成:v+ed, 如work-worked;study-studied;finish-finished
②不规则动词的过去分词构成(需要单独记忆):如be-been;have-had;hear-heard;do-done
③动词的过去分词和动词的过去式不是一个概念:【过去分词】只能用于现在完成时态(另被动语态中也会用到),动词的过去式只能用于过去时。
注意:不规则的动词过去分词和过去式有时候一样,有时候不一样;
原形 | have | do | see | be |
过去式 | had | did | saw | was/were |
过去分词 | had | done | seen | been |
※过去分词的变化规则: 规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:
(1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”: work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”:live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”:study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”: stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped—dropped.
不规则动词表(另附)
3.句子中所用【时间标志词语】的区别
一般过去时:通常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…); last night (week, month, year…);
一段时间+ago(several days ago)、 two days ago、a week ago,…;in 2002,(in 1990, in 1997,in July…)等;just now, at that time/moment, then , long long ago
例子:
例子:
He was here yesterday.
I got up at seven yesterday morning.
My mother didn’t work yesterday afternoon.
Did you have a good time last summer?
I got up at seven yesterday morning.
My mother didn’t work yesterday afternoon.
Did you have a good time last summer?
My mother often went to work by taxi last year.
When I was a student, I often listened to music.
When I was a student, I often listened to music.
Three months ago, they were still students.
现在完成时:
现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already(已经), yet(已经), just(刚), before(之前), recently(最近), lately(近来),ever(曾经)等副词;
其中already,just多用于肯定句中,ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中)
He has already obtained(获得) a scholarship.他已经获得了奖学金。(already用在过去分词前)
He has just had his meal.他刚吃过饭。(just用在过去分词前)
Have you ever been to Beijing?你曾经去过北京吗?(ever用在过去分词前)
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).我最近没太看到他。(用在否定句末)
We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。(用在句末)
Have they found the missing child yet?他们已经到了那个丢失的孩子了吗?(用在否定或疑问句末)
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).我最近没太看到他。(用在否定句末)
We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。(用在句末)
Have they found the missing child yet?他们已经到了那个丢失的孩子了吗?(用在否定或疑问句末)
※ already和yet的用法辨析
不论yet还是already,都可以表示“已经”的含义。一般两者都用于完成时的句子当中。
already 即可用在句前部分也可用在句尾;yet一般用在句尾。
already一般用于肯定句(表“已经)”;yet一般用于否定句或疑问句。
already 即可用在句前部分也可用在句尾;yet一般用在句尾。
already一般用于肯定句(表“已经)”;yet一般用于否定句或疑问句。
I’ve seen the film already. The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
He hasn’t found his bike yet.他还没有到他的自行车。(用在否定句末表“还”)★★★
Has she finished her homework yet?她已经做完作业了吗?(用在疑问句末表“已经”)★★★
※ lately 与 recently 用法辨析
两者均可表示“最近”、“近来”。从使用的时态来看:两者都经常与完成时态连用。
I have seen a lot of her lately [recently]. 我最近经常见到她。
注:两者通常都不用于将来时, 若用于将来时则用“soon”。如:
最近我们要去巴黎。
误:We will go to Paris lately [recently].
正:We will go to Paris soon.
现在完成时的另一个用法:
“从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。”这一用法常和一段时间连用:常与these days, this week, since+点时间…, for+段时间…等表示一段时间的状语连用。
其中“ for +时间段” ★★★,“ since +时间点” ★★★。
例如:We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市里已经生活了 40 多年。
We have lived in this city since 1958. 我们从 1958 年起就住在这个城市里。(注:1958前没有in)
Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗?
Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的父母了吗?
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since I came here. (注:I came here是一个过去时,表示的是【过去的一个时间点】)
I have lived here since I came here. (注:I came here是一个过去时,表示的是【过去的一个时间点】)
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