正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别
缩写词，如don’t, mustn’t, he’s, I’ve 等，一般用于非正式文体。在正式文体中则把它们写全。
泛指的不定代词you常用于非正式文体中，在正式文体中则用？
You never know what new measures the president will take.
One never knows what new measures the president will take.
在非正式文体中，who可以代替whom在疑问句中用作宾语。
在非正式文体中，宾语从句前的that常省去，尤其在表示“说”和“想”的动词后面：
She said (that) she would come.
在非正式文体中，they 可以指代everyone, everybody, someone, no one等。
Has everyone finished doing their exercises?
Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises?
在非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子如是I, he, she 及it等词，可用was 代替were.
I wish he was here with us.
分词短语一般用于正式文体。
Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.
When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.
独立主格结构一般用于正式文体
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the
Western Hills.
As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
作状语或定语的短语，放在主语前使句子更加正式。
Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.
插入语使句子更显正式
He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.
一系列的名词，动词或形容词使句子正式化
She experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.
下列句型常用于正式文体
长句
平行结构的句子
Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way.
并列复合句
对偶句(结构相似，意思相反)
The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.
圆周句（最重要的意思放在最后，直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整）
松散句：She decided to study English though she was interested in music.圆周句：Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
在词汇方面，日常用语多来自盎格鲁·萨克森语（古英语），而正式词汇多来自
希腊语，拉丁语和法语。在学到一个正式词汇时，不妨同时记住一个意思相近的非正式词。
begin            deep
commence        profound
lucky    end      continue
fortunate  terminate  proceed
raise      clear      same
elevate    explicit    identical
learned  try        strange
erudite    endeavor  eccentric
动词短语常用于谈话体
go on (continue)
look into (investigate)
endure( put up with)method形容词
produce(turn out)
缩略语，如ad, bike, pop等，在正式文体中并不多见。
俚语的说法极为随便，不用于正式文体。
科技论文及摘要的写作注意事项
所写的英语句子语法上一定要正确，进而努力做到地道，准确。
在语法结构正确的基础上，进一步熟悉各个专业固有的表达法。如数学上，“这
个解验证无误”，英语常用“The solution checks”. “这等于是说”，英语用“This amounts to saying…” 或“This is equivalent to saying…”等。
2. 本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。
最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。
A new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper). Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example.
广泛使用被动句
在科技论文中由于主要讲述客观现象和事实，被动句的使用很广泛，英文文摘中更是如此。我们通常见
到的英文文摘的第一句话“本文提出了（介绍了，证明了）。。。，英美人常用被动句。
< A new procedure for checking the stability of the digital filters is proposed.
若在文摘中使用主动语态，则可用?
the authors/ the author,
词汇问题
3.1 科技工作者在写作时除了大量使用专门术语外，还喜欢用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇（big words）。科技文的词汇总的来说形体比较长，词义比较专一，前后缀出现频率高。
3.1.1 规范词汇（formal words）
about/approximately
change/ transform
say/ remark
put/place
3.1.2
bring out/introduce
find out/ discover
不用动词短语，体现科技英语精炼的特征，力避冗赘。
注意词汇搭配
晶体管和电子管相比有不少优点。
Transistors have several advantages over electron tubes.
避免使用口语
Lots of/ many
Quite a few/ several
避免使用缩略语
Lab/ laboratory
Mike/ microphone
我们把无线电波与水波作了比较.
本文对这一设备的性能进行了分析。
Radio waves are compared with water waves.
A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made.
The performance of this device is analyzed(in this paper).
An analysis of the performance of this device is made( in this paper).
趋于用名词来表示动作。
4．句子特征
4.1 句子比较长，结构严密紧凑。
科技语体要求使用完整严密的句法，句子成分多，层次多，复居多，长句多。有统计资料表明，科技论文的句子平均长度在20-30个词。

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