Unit 1
一
method英语怎么读①Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited  with laying the
fundamentals of modern Western philosophy.
苏格拉底是一位致力于奠基现代西方哲学的古希腊哲学家
②He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical
writers , especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.
他是一位神秘的人物首先通过大量后来的古典文学家，特别是他最著名的学生柏拉图的笔迹
③Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics .
苏格拉底变得出名因为他对伦理学这个旷野的贡献
④His method of teaching ,known as the Socratic Method,by asking and answering
questions to stimulate critical thinging and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions .
他的教学方法闻名于苏格拉底哲学法，通过提问和回答问题去激励具有批判性的思想并且去解释主意以至于得到一个可以共同的广泛而有条理的讨论方式
⑤He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology
and logic ,and the fluence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed .
他也在认识论和逻辑论方面起了持久重要贡献，并且他的思想影响着两者的接近来对西方哲学形成一个强有力的基础
⑥Scorates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.
苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最出的人物
⑦His fame was widespred in his own time ,and his name soon became a househoid
word although he constructed no philosophicai system ,established no school ,and founded no sect.
他的名气在他在世的时候开始传开并且他的名字之后变得家喻户晓尽管他遭受神学系统的制裁，被判定没有宗派，没有功绩
二
孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派的创始人，被尊为古代的圣人。他的言论和生平活动记录在论语一书中。论语是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient "sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand
the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.
Unit 2
一
①Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on
December 25 by millions of people around the world. 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。
②It commemorates (纪念) the birth of Jesus Christ.它是为了纪念耶稣
基督的诞辰。
③ The festival dated from as early as 336 AD. Gradually it evolved into
a religious as well as secular celebration, celebrated by an
increasing number of non-Christians.该节日最早可追溯到公园336 年。
渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。
④Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public
holiday around the world.如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。
⑤Christmas customs differ in different countries.不同国家的圣诞节
习俗也各不相同。
⑥ Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of
Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation. 现代流行的圣诞节风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。
⑦To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise. 对
小孩们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。
⑧Legend has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the
chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.
据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。
⑨Because giftgiving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival
heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for business.由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。
二
每年农历八月十五是我国的传统节日—中秋节。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月，吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是
家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的
习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定假日。
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional chinese festival- the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn . One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.  On that night, people gather together to
celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating mooncakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival. There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.
Unit 3
一
①The London Underground is a rapid transit(交通运输系统) system in the
United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London. 伦敦地铁是英国的一个快速交通运输系统，服务于大伦敦的大部分地区。
②The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the
characteristic shape of the subway tunnels. 地铁系统因其地铁隧道的典型形状也被称为地下管道。
③It all started in the mid-1800s. The Tube was the world’s first
underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.伦敦地铁始建于19世纪中期，是世界上最早的地下铁路系统。它的第一段地铁于1863年开始运营。
④Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作) of 12 lines,
275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.自此，伦敦地铁不断延伸，发展成为一个包括12条线路、275个车站、铁轨总长超过250英里的地铁杰作，其中有45%在地下运行。
⑤It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route
miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations. 就路线长度而言，它是世界上第四大地铁系统，也是车站数量最多的地铁系统之一。
⑥As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains
the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.作为一个走遍伦敦的经济便捷的途径，伦敦地铁一向是每天数百万通勤者以及在节假日游历伦敦首选。
⑦The Tube has been an international icon for London. The London
Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).
伦敦地铁已成为伦敦的一个国际标志。2013年伦敦举办了各种各样的活动，庆祝地铁运营150周年，纪念这一里程碑。
二
中国航天业开创于1956年，几十年来，中国航天事业创造了一个又一个奇迹。1970年，中国成功发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立自主研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家。1992年，中国开始实施载人航天飞行工程（manned spaceflight program）。2003年，中国成功发射了“神舟五号”载人飞船，使中国成为第三个发射载人飞船的国家。2007年发射了“嫦娥一号”，即第一颗绕月球飞行（lunar-orbiting）的人造卫星。2013年，第五艘载人飞船“神舟十号”发射成功，为中国空间站的建设打下了基础。
China’s space industry was launched in1956. Over the past decades, China’s space industry has created one miracle after another. In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites. In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program. In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5,
a manned spaceship. The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships. In 2007 Chang’e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space. In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.
Unit 4
一
⑧作为通过中国游历亚洲的首批欧洲人之一，马可波罗可能是中国人最熟知的
外国商人和航海家。As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.
⑨从1271年到1295年，他和他的家人游历广泛，遍及欧洲和亚洲。He traveled
extensively (广泛地) with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.
⑩期间，他在中国留居了17年。He remained in China for 17 of those years. ⑪他的著作《马可波罗游记》描述了他游历亚洲的旅程，让欧洲人首次全面领略了包括中国、印度和日本在内的远东地区的情况。
His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.
⑫从他的文字叙述中，西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火药、印刷术、纸币
以及丝绸。From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.
⑬在15世纪末和16世纪欧洲发现与征服的大航海时代，马可波罗所记录的大量新的地理信息得到了广泛使用。The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries during the age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest (征服)。
⑭在他去世的这个几个世纪里，马可波罗获得了他在有生之年未曾获得的赞誉。In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.
⑮马可波罗的故事鼓舞了其他无数的探险者去踏上征程，发现世界。Marco Polo’s story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.
二
郑和是中国历史上最著名的航海家（maritime explorer）。公元1405年，明朝的统治者为了稳固边防（border defense）和开展海上贸易，派郑和下西洋（the Western Sea）。在此后的28年里，郑和带领船队七下西洋，前后出海的人员有10多万人，访问了30多个国家和地区。船队纵横南亚、西亚，一直到非洲大陆。郑和下西洋是世界航海（navigation）史上的壮举，它展现了郑和卓越的航海和组织才能，同时展现了明朝的国力和国威（national strength and prestige）, 加强了明朝和海外各国之间的关系。
Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history. In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea. In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions. The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa. Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world’s navigation history. It showed Zheng He’s outstanding navigation and organization talents; meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.

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