2021 Text 3（英语⼀）
As a historian, who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re- evaluate the past.
作为⼀名历史学家，总是在寻让我们重新评估过去的⽂本或图像。
I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery? ).
我⼀直专注于寻显示我们维多利亚时代祖先微笑的照⽚（有什么更好的⽅式来打破 19 世纪的审慎形象呢？）。
I've found quite a few, and — since I started posting them on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir.
我已经到了不少，⽽且，⾃从我开始在 Twitter 上发布这些照⽚以来，它们已经引起了很⼤的轰动。
People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.
⼈们惊讶地发现，有证据表明维多利亚时代的⼈玩得很开⼼，并且能够并且确实会笑。
They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
他们注意到，维多利亚⼈似乎突然变得更有⼈情味了，因为通过我们共同的笑声经历，我们之间⼀百多年的隔阂逐渐消失了。
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.
当然，我需要承认，我收集的 “微笑的维多利亚⼈” 只占 1840 年⾄ 1900年期间创作的⼤量摄影肖像画的
⼀⼩部分，其中⼤部分展示了坐着的⼈在绘画背景前摆出悲惨和僵硬的姿势，或荒唐地盯着中间的距离。
How do we explain this trend?
我们如何解释这⼀趋势呢？
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were

notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
在 method英语怎么读19 世纪 40 年代和 50 年代，在摄影术的早期，曝光时间是出了名的⻓：达盖尔照相法（在银⾊铜板上产⽣图像）可能需要⼏分钟才能完成，导致坐着的⼈变换位置或调整肢体时图像模糊不清。
The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
想到在相机履⾏其神奇的职责时要保持固定的笑容，实在让⼈难以想象，因此，不置可否的⽩眼成为⼀种常态。
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous.
但到了 19 世纪 80 年代，曝光时间已经快得多了，盒⼦布朗尼和其他便携式相机的问世意味着，尽管以今天的数字标准来看很慢，但曝光⼏乎是瞬时完成的。
Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
到 19 世纪 90 年代，⾃发的微笑相对容易捕捉，所以我们必须从其他地⽅寻解释，为什么维多利亚⼈仍然犹豫不决地微笑。
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.
⼀种解释可能是通过俗⽓的笑容来显示尊严的丧失。
“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.
“⼤⾃然给了我们嘴唇来掩盖我们的⽛⻮”，这是维多利亚时代的⼀句流⾏格⾔，暗指在像样的⽛科技术诞⽣之前，嘴巴往往处于骇⼈的卫⽣状态。
A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society , the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed) .
在维多利亚时代的社会中，⼀副健康、⼲净、有规律的 “珍珠⽩” 是⼀种罕⻅的景象，是超级富豪的专利（即使如此，⽛⻮卫⽣也得不到保证）。
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class:

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