Lesson 8
Exercises
I. Write a short note on Peter F.Dructer.
  [SRB]
1.Who’s who (1972)
2.The International Who’s who (1976-1979)
II. Questions on content:
1.Why is man defined as “ the animal that produces”?
2.How does work liberate man from nature and make him a social and independent being?
3.Why, according to Fromm, was work meaningful in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in the Western countries?
4.How did the meaning of work change after the collapse of the medieval social structure? How did people’s sense of insecurity influence their work? What part did religion play?
5.What two views of work were common during the first centuries of the modern era? How did different classes view work differently? How, according to Fromm, did these views emerge?
6.How has the industrial worker’s role changed? What is his relationship to the machine?
7.What, according to Peter Drucker, is the meaning of a job in the automobile industry? Why is this meaning inadequate for the worker?
8.What has most concerned researchers in industrial psychology? How has the comparision of worker to a machine influenced these investigations?
9.What two reactions has the alienated nature of work today resulted in, according to Fromm?
III. Questions on appreciation:
1.How do the ideas presented in paragraph 1 prepare the reader for paragraph 2?
method英语2.How does paragraph 2 provide the definition of an ideal kind of work?
3.Are the first two paragraphs important? What role do they play in the whole essay?
4.How do the quotations from C.W. MILLS and P.Drucker support and develop Fromm’s point? Are quotations more effective than a paraphrase or a summary?
5.Why are industrial psychologists concerned with “human relations,” according to Fromm? What are Fromm’s reactions to their endeavors? How does he make his reactions clear to his readers?
6.Review the ways in which Fromm demonstrates that work “has become alienated” from people. When did this alienation begin? What caused it? What have been its effects?
7.The method of causal analysis is used in the writing of this essay. Explain how Fromm’s survey of the history of people’s attitude toward work is essential to the development of his causal analysis.
8.Do you have any comments or criticism to make on some of the points or views put forward by Fromm? Give your reasons/
IV. Paraphrase:
1.…by the very fact of production, he has risen above the animal kingdom…(para1)
2.Work is also his liberator from nature, his creator as a social and independent being.(para1)
3.…all are expressions of the creative transformation of nature by man’s reason and skill.(para 1)
4.There is no split of work and play, or work and culture.(para2)
5.Work becomes the chief factor in a system of “innerworldly ascetcism,” an answer to man’s sense of aloneness and isolation. (para3)
6.Work has become alienated from the working person.（para5）
7.Work is a means of getting money, not in itself a meaningful human activity.(para7)
8.…a pay check is not enough to base one’s self respect on. (para7)
9.…most industrial psychologists are mainly concerned with the manipulation of worker’s psyche. （para9）
10.It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management, … (para9)
11.But this usefulness often serves only as a rationalization for the appeal to complete passivity and receptivity. (para11)
12.…he has a feeling of fraudulency about his product and a secret contempt for it. (para13)
V. Translate paragraph 9 into Chinese.
VI. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words:
1.he has risen above the animal kingdom (para1)
2.as a social and independent being (para1)
3.develop his capacities and skills in its prosecution (para2)
4.he was among the “chosen” ones (para4)
5.Work has become alienated from the working person. (para5)
6.the whole product in its physical aspects (para6)
7.rather than its master as an active agent (para6)
8.this puts a premium on slovenly work (para7)
9.how he can made to work with less friction (para9)
10.with the manipulation of the worker’s psyche (para9)
11.It is going to pay off in cold dollars and cents to management … (para9)
12.There are, of course, many useful and labor saving gadgets. (para11)
VII. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word creator (meaning producer). Give words of the same part of speech.
VIII. Give corresponding nouns for the following adjectives or verbs:

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