非谓语
在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）
逻辑主语与真正主语
真正主语：谓语动作发出者，即真正主语。
逻辑主语：非谓语动作的发出者或者承受者。
构成非谓语动词句型的首要条件：逻辑主语与真正主语一致。
To acquire knowledge , you must study
解析：条件：此句真正主语：you  逻辑主语：you  主语一致。
      结论：可构成非谓语句型
非谓语使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下
She got off the bus but left her handbag on her seat.
She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.
三种非谓语动词形式句法功能比较
  功能
种类
主
宾
  表
  定
状
补
不定式
√
√
  √
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
  √
√
分词
√
√
require名词
√
√
非谓语动词做主语的区别：
区别
举例
不定式
不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。
不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
To visit China is my next goal.
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
动名词
动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为;
Climbing mountains is great fun.
It’s nice seeing you again.
1. ________ a language requires time and effort.
  A. Learn      B. Learning    C. To learn    D. Being learned
2. It is not always easy ________ invitations.
  A. to refuse  B. refusing    C. to be refused    D. being refused
3. How __________ the problem will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting.
  A. to solve    B. to be solved  C. being solved      D. solving
4. It __________ forty-five minutes __________ there by bus.
  A. cost, to get    B. takes, getting    C. takes, to get        D. takes, to get to
5. It is no good __________.  You should give_________.   
  A. to smoke, it up    B. smoking, it up  C. smoking, up it      D. to smoke, up it   
做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
情况
常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词
agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , afford 付得起 agree 同意 ask 要求apply 申请care (想要) , choose (决定、要) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , help 帮助expect (期望) , fail (未能) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , manage (设法) , offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算)  , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , wish (希望) , promise (答应)，want（想要）等等。
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语
admit 承认 advise 建议 allow 允许 appreciate 感激avoid 避免 consider 考虑delay 推迟 deny 否认discuss 讨论dislike 不喜欢 enjoy 喜爱 escape 逃脱excuse 原谅 fancy 设想 finish 完成 forbid 禁止forgive 原谅give up 放弃imagine 想象keep 保持mention 提及mind 介意 miss 没赶上pardon 原谅permit 允许 practice 练习prevent 阻止prohibit 禁止 put off 推迟 risk 冒险stop 停止suggest 建议
be addicted to 沉溺于；对…上瘾
devote oneself to doing sth./be devoted to  献身于做某事/专心致力于做某事把…be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事object to doing sth 反对做某事
pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事be used to doing sth/be accustomed to doing 习惯于做某事get down to doing sth开始做某事，认真处理某事look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事make contributions to对…作贡献
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作, 接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）
意义不同
forget/remember doing/having done记得还是忘了以前曾经做的事forget/remember to do还未做
regret doing sth. 对做过的某事表示后悔regret to say, 很抱歉的
mean to do, 打算作某事；mean doing, 意味着
try to do ,尽力作某事；try doing 尝试着作某事
want / need/ require doing sth, 表示被动等于want/need/require to be done
like/ hate doing, 经常性的like/ hate to do, 特定的某一次
be/get used to doing 习惯于做某事used to do 过去经常做某事 be used to do被用来做
can’t help doing=can’t help but do 忍不住做某事can’t help ( to) do 不能帮助做某事
stop doing 停止正在做着的某事 stop to do停下来做别的事情(to do是目的状语)
go on doing继续做原来做的事go on to do接着干别的事情
1. He gave us some advice on how ____ English.
  A. learning  B. learned
  C. to learn  D. learn
2. It ’s a pay day, and they are waiting ____.
  A. pay    B. paying  C. paid    D. to be paid
3. I don’t know whether you happen, but I’m going to study in the  this September .
  A．to be heard            B. to be hearing 
  C．to hear                D. to have heard
4. I forgot _____ my name when I finished ____ the composition.
  A. to sign, to writing  B. to sign, writing                               
  C. signing, writing
5. ---You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting.
    ---Well, now I regret ____ that.
    A. to do            B. to be doing 
    C. to have done    D. having done
6. She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
    A. to clean      B. cleaning   
    C. cleaned      D. being cleaned
非谓语动词做表语的区别：
区别
举例
不定式
表示将来某一次时常用动词不定式作表语
My wish is to find a part-time job this summer.
动名词
表示经常性时常用动名词作表语。
My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins.
现在分词
-ing 形容词，令人...的；-ed形容词，令人感到...的，有被动意味。
interesting---interested,exciting---excited, delighting---delighted,disappointing---disappointed, pleasing---pleased,puzzling---puzzled, satisfying---satisfied, surprising---surprised,
Worrying---worried
The party was very exciting.
They were very excited at the news．
过去分词
1. Her wish is __________ an engineer.
  A. becoming  B. become      C. to become  D. being come
people’s greatest pleasure is __________.
    A. fishing    B. to fish    C. to be fishing  D. being fish
3. The report was so _______ that they were all __________.
  A. inspiring, exciting    B. inspiring, excited
  C. inspired, excited      D. inspired, exciting
4. ---“You look pale.”   
      ---“I feel a little __________.”
  A. tire    B. tired    C. tiring    D. tiresome
非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别
举例
不定式
表将来特定某一次，用动词不定式。
I have a lot of papers to type.
动名词
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系
Shall we go to the swimming pool
a washing machine （动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing） 洗衣机
现在分词
如果构成主动关系，（有时还表正在进行）用现在分词；
The boiling water / the boiled water
The developing country/the developed country
The falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词
如果构成被动关系，（已完成），用过去分词；
1. She said she had  a important meeting ______.
    A. to attend in    B. to attend    C. attend    D. attending
2. He is always the first ______ questions.
    A. to answer              B. answering       
    C. to be answered      D. being answered
3. The Olympic Games _______ in the year 2016 will be a great success.
  A. being held    B. to be held   

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