非谓语动词
（现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、动名词）
一、现在分词 （The Present Participle）
现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态，如下表：
现在分词
及物动词ask
不及物动词go
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
asking
being asked
going
完成式
having asked
having been asked
having gone
1. 一般式：常表示现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生：
I walked along the river bank, looking here and there.    (注：walk 与 look 同时发生。)
2．完成式：表示现在分词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成：
  Having done my homework, I went to bed.  (注：do my homework在 go to bed之前完成。)
  Having been given a doll, the girl was very happy.
3． 用法：
（1）定语：
The rising sun shone on us.  (注：单个分词作定语放于名词前。)
Do you know the girl reading a book by the window? (注：分词短语作定语放在名词后。)
（2）表语：
The news is encouraging.
（3）宾语补足语：常放在see, hear, notice, keep, watch, find, get, feel等动词后。
I found her crying.
⑷ 状语：
①分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致：
Having read the book, I returned it to him.
(注：having read 的逻辑主语是I ,句子的主语也是I.)
She waited reading a newspaper.
②独立结构：“逻辑主语+现在分词”，现在分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，与句子的主语不同。
I will come, weather permitting.
(注：现在分词permitting的逻辑主语是weather，句子的主语为I，二者不同。)
二．过去分词(The Past Participle)
1. 用法：
1． 定语：
I met a lost child on the way back.  (注：单个分词作定语放于名词前。)
The child lost in the wood has been found. (注：分词短语作定语放在名词后。)
⑵. 表语
  He seemed displeased.
⑶.宾语补足语
  He had his pocket picked.
    When did you have your haircut?
⑷.状语
①．过去分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致：
Sent to the zoo, the panda settled down well.
(注：sent to the zoo的逻辑主语是the panda ,句子的主语也是the panda.)
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.
        ②. 独立结构：“逻辑主语+过去分词”，过去分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，与句子的主语不同。
    The work done, we felt happy.
(注：过去分词done的逻辑主语是the work，句子的主语为we，二者不同。)
2．现在分词与过去分词的主要区别：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动
定语  The rising sun shone on us.    (注：sun 与rising 是主动关系。)
      I met a lost child on the way.    (注：child 与lost 是被动关系。)
宾补  I found him repairing the car.  (注：him与repairing 是主动关系。)
I found the car repaired.        (注：the car 与repaired 是被动关系。)
状语    I walked along the river bank, looking here and there. (注：I与looking 是主动关系。)
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.  (注：the medicine与taken是被动关系。)
三．动词不定式（Infinitive）
1． 构成：
1. to+do
2. 疑问词+to do, （疑问词有：who, what, which, when, how, why等。如：what to do next, how to get there）
3. for + 名词（或代词）+不定式, 如：for us to look for a job
2. 时态与语态
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
to write
to be written
进行式
to be writing
完成式
to have written
to have been written
1. 一般式：动词不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在它之后发生。
We rejoiced to see her back.    (注：rejoiced 与see同时发生。)
She is waiting to hear your answer.    (注：is waiting 在hear 之后。)
⑵．进行式：不定式的动作正在进行，与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
  They are said to be building another bridge across the river.
  He pretended to be listening attentively.
⑶．完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.    (注：to have kept在am require名词之前。)
⑷．不定式的逻辑主语是它所表示的动作的承受者。
  She wanted the letter to be sent at once. (注：to be sent的逻辑主语为the letter, 是被动关系。)
He was glad to have been invited.    (注：to have been invited的逻辑主语为he, 是被动关系。)
四．动名词（Gerund）
1． 特征：动名词，顾名思义，它既具有动词的特征，也具有名词的特征，时态与语态如下：
    动名词
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
working
being worked
完成式
having worked
having been worked
2． 用法：
1． 主语
Talking is easier than doing.
It is no easy job mastering a foreign language.
2. 宾语
1． 作介词宾语：They all objected to putting the meeting off.
2． 下列动词后常用动名词作宾语：avoid, finish, suggest, mind, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, risk, consider, imagine, deny, escape, put off, give up, keep on, can’t help, feel like等。
She is considering asking her employer for a rise.
在require 和worth 后面的动名词有被动意义：
Does your car require servicing?
The book is worth reading.
在need和want （需要） 后面的动名词有被动意义：
Your suit needs ironing.(…to be ironed)
The plants want watering.(…to be watered)表语： Her job is nursing the disabled.
3. 定语： walking stick
3.
4. 动名词的逻辑主语：动名词可以用物主代词或名词的所有格来修饰，表示动名词的逻辑主语：
Do you mind my making a suggestion?
I’m pleased with John’s paying his income tax in time.
练习
1.  The welfare system _______insurance from cradle to grave has been well praised.
A. provided    B. provides  C. providing  D. provide
2. Mrs. Morrison invited us to the party, but our work ______, we politely refused her invitati
on.
A. not being finished              B. was not finished 
C.  not having finished              D. had not been finished
3. Television is another major instrument of communication, ______us to see as well as to hear the performer.
A. permitted  B. permitting  C. being permitting  D. to permit

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