一、动词的时态和语态
(一)动词的时态。
英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。
1、 一般现在时的用法
1) 表示经常性、习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。例如:
a. He goes to school every day.      b. He is very happy.
c.The earth moves around the sun.
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。例如:
a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.
3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作(句中都带有时间状语),但限于少数动词,如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如:
a. The meeting begins at seven.      b. The rain starts at nine in the morning.
4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在时。
a. I like English very much.        b. The story sounds very interesting.
5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时的用法
1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。
a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.      b. He worked in a factory in 1986.
2)表示过去经常发生的动作 ,也可用 “used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。 I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea.
注:”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“would + 动词原形”没有 “现在不再……”含义。另外“be used to +名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于…..”
a. I am used to the climate here.      b. He is used to swimming in winter.require名词
3.一般将来时的用法
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了 “ will 或 shall + 动词原形 ”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。还有
1)“be going to +动词原形”
a.It is going to rain.                b.We are going to have a meeting today.
2)“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。
a.The boy is to go to school tomorrow.  b.Are we to go on with this work?
3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作,意为 be ready to do sth.准备去做某事,将要做某事; 后面一般不跟时间状语。 a.We are about to leave.
4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。a.I’m leaving for Beijing.
5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。
a.The meeting starts at five o’clock.    b.He gets off at the next stop.
4.现在进行时的用法
1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the presentalways,continually,forever,constantly等连用。由“be + 现在分词” 构成。另外,“系动词 + 介词或副词” 也表示进行时的意义。
a.What are you doing?         b.The bridge is under construction.
c.Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
d. My father is forever criticizing me.
2) 表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词 一般不用进行如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻”)
5.过去进行时的用法
1)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,常与always,continually,co
nstantly等副词连用,由 “ was (were) + 现在分词”构成。a.In 1980 ,he was studying in a university.
b.He was reading a novel when I came in.
c.Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由 “have(has)+ 过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况:
1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
a.He has gone to Fuzhou.        b.He has been to Fuzhou.
2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
a.He has studied English for 5 years.    b.He has studied English since 1985.    c.Now I have finished the work.. 
d.So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
7.过去完成时的用法
1) 过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。
a.By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
b.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
2)过去完成时的动词还可表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,有继续下去的可能性。
a.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 
3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
a.hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
b.no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
c.by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
8.过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由 “should 或 would + 动词原形” 构成。第一人称用should, 其他人称用would.
a.They were sure that they would succeed.

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