年  级
高二
学  科
英语
编稿老师
李敏英
课程标题
高频词法（六）——动词的时态和语态（2）
一校
尤朴慧
二校
林卉
审核
陈倍香
语态是反映主语和谓语动词之间关系的一种语法现象，包括主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，其结构是：be+过去分词。
    语态的考查是每年高考的重点之一，它和时态的考查一样，多趋于情境化，也经常和时态的考查同时出现在一个题目中，往往没有时间结构和时间信息，考生常因对暗示信息不敏感、不能将暗示信息准确补充完整而出错。在高考中，具体的考查主要涉及以下几方面：
  1. 某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义
  2. 某些动词形式是被动的，但含义是主动的
  3. 系表结构与被动语态的区别
  4. 几种主要时态及情态动词的被动语态
同时态一样，语态的考查也常见于单项选择、短文改错题，英语写作中能够正确运用时态和语态是学生必须具备的基本功。
一、知识精讲
1. 被动语态的各种时态形式
  语态
时态
主动语态
被动语态
现在进行时
am/is/are + doing
am/is/are + being + done
过去进行时
was/were + doing
was/were + being + done
一般现在时
do/does
am/is/are + done
一般过去时
did
was/were + done
现在完成时
have/has + done
have/has + been +done
过去完成时
had + done
had + been + done
一般将来时
will/shall + do
will/shall +be + done
过去将来时
would + do
would + be +done
2. 被动语态的两种用法
1) 不知道动作的执行者是谁或没有必要指出动作的执行者时
【例句】 
Rice is grown (by us) in South China. 
The letters have been taken away.
    A child was kidnapped last night.
2) 需要突出或强调动作的承受者时
【例句】
Dictionaries can’t be used in the exam.
    This kind of refrigerator has been sold out.
状元典例1
    —The window is dirty. —I know. It ____ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned  B. didn’t clean  C. wasn’t cleaned  D. hasn’t been cleaned
答案：D
思路分析：由for weeks判断应选择完成时，主语是窗子，所以用被动语态。由终止性动词构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。
状元典例2
    —George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
    —No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding?
    A. was not invited  B. have not been invited  C. hadn’t been invited  D. didn’t invite
答案：C
思路分析：句意：—George 和Lucy上周结婚，你去参加他们的婚礼了吗？—没有，我没被邀请，婚礼盛大吗？受到邀请这个动作应发生在婚礼之前，所以应使用过去完成时，而且是被动语态。
状元典例3
Rainforests _____ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
    A. cut  B. are cut      C. are being cut  D. had been cut
答案：C
思路分析：该句的意思为“雨林正以如此快的速度被砍伐和烧毁，以至于在不久的将来它们就会消失。”从语境中可以看出应该使用现在进行时。况且进行时可以表达出说话人的一种特殊的情感。说话人是想呼吁人们停止乱砍乱烧雨林，给人们提出一种警告。
3. 被动语态需要注意的问题
1) 用于被动语态的短语动词不可丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。
【例句】 
We should take good care of the old people.
The old people should be taken good care of.
My sister looks after me at home every day.
I am looked after by my sister at home every day.
2) 带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，常用方法有两种：
把主动语态的直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，间接宾语前通常加介词to，有时加for。
把主动语态的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，直接宾语不变。
【例句】
Mr. Li gave me an interesting book yesterday.
An interesting book was given to me (by Mr. Li) yesterday.
was given an interesting book (by Mr. Li) yesterday.
3) 带有复合宾语的动词变被动语态时，只需把宾语变为被动结构的主语，原来的宾语
补足语留在原处不动, 成为主语补语。
【例句】
My little sister asked me to read this story for her.
I was asked to read this story (by my little sister).
He saw the train go away
The train was seen to go away.
4) 含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
【例句】
The flowers should be watered often． 
This work can be easily done．
    The room must be kept clean．
5) 在英语中，常见的被动结构还有：
    It is said that…据说……
    It is hoped that…希望……
    It is reported（supposed）that…据报道／推测……
    It must be admitted（pointed out）that…必须承认／指出……
    It is well-known that…众所周知……
  6) 含有be going to, be to, be about to, have to, used to, ought to, happen to等结构的主动
  语态变被动语态时，应将to后的动词变为被动形式
【例句】
We are going to see the film tonight The film is going to be seen tonight.
  I ought to see him tomorrow. He ought to be seen tomorrow.
  7) 不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如：happen, occur, last, belong to, fall, escape, rise, lie, appear, disappear, remain以及take place, come out, come about, come true, break out, run out, give out, turn out等短语
状元典例1
Great changes ______in the city ,and a lot of factories______.
  A. have been taken place…have been set up    B. have taken place…have been set up
  C. have taken place…have set up        D. were taken place…were set up
答案：B
思路分析：take place 不能用被动语态，所以A D不对；set up可以用于被动语态，主语是a lot of factories，两者间为被动关系，所以选B。
状元典例2
The palace caught fire three times in the last century , and little of the original building ____ now.
A. remains  B. is remained  C. is remaining D. has been remained
答案：A
require名词思路分析：remain在这儿意为“剩下，余留”，为不及物动词，整句话是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般现在时。选 A项。
8) 表示状态、容纳、适合等的及物动词也不用于被动语态，如：cost, lack, fit, suit, have, hold, own, possess, contain, last, 及短语consist of, have on, agree with等
状元典例
    Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to college.
A. lacked  B. lacking of  C. lacking  D. lacked in
答案：C
思路分析：前面的分词结构的逻辑主语就是后面主句的主语“his parents”,而his parents跟动词lack之间存在主动的关系，而非被动。所以排除表示被动的lacked，即排除A、D。另外，lack of中的lack 作名词，不加-ing，所以排除B, 选C。整句表示：尽管缺钱，他的父母还是设法送他去上大学。

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