英语标点符号的使用
摘要：本文介绍了英语中常用的14种标点符号的使用规则和注意事项，以及如何通过正确的标点符号来提高英语写作的质量和效果。本文以表格的形式对比了中英文标点符号的异同，并给出了一些实例和练习题，帮助读者掌握英语标点符号的使用技巧。
一、英语标点符号的种类和功能
英语中的标点符号有14种，它们是：
标点符号英文名称功能
.period/full stop结束句子
,comma分隔句子成分
;semicolon分隔并列句或复杂句
:colon引出解释或举例
question mark结束疑问句
!exclamation mark结束感叹句
'apostrophe表示所有格或缩略形式
" "quotation marks引用他人的话语或文献
-hyphen连接合成词
–en dash连接数字范围或对立关系
—em dash表示插入语或补充说明
( )parentheses/round brackets表示附加信息或注释
[ ]square brackets表示对原文的修改或补充
{ }braces/curly brackets表示数学公式或程序代码
二、英语标点符号的使用规则和注意事项
2.1 句点（period/full stop）
句点用于结束一个陈述句或祈使句。在英语中，句点后要空一格再开始下一句。如果句子末尾有缩写词，如Mr., Dr., etc.，则不需要再加句点。
例如：
I like apples. Bananas are good too.
Please close the door.
He is a famous writer, known as J.K. Rowling.
2.2 逗号（comma）
逗号用于分隔句子中的不同成分，使句子更加清晰和流畅。逗号有以下几种用法：
用于并列词、短语或从句之间，表示顺序或并列关系。如果最后一个并列项前有连词（如and, or, but），则逗号可加可不加，这个逗号叫做牛津逗号（Oxford comma）。但为了避免歧义，建议加上逗号。
例如：
She likes reading, writing, and painting.
He is smart, handsome, and rich.
She went to the park, bought some ice cream, and enjoyed the sunshine.
He said that he loved her, but she didn't believe him.
用于引导词（如because, although, if等）引导的从句之前，表示因果、转折或条件关系。如果从句在主句之前，则不需要逗号。
例如：
I didn't go to the party, because I was sick.
Because I was sick, I didn't go to the party.
She passed the exam, although she didn't study hard.
Although she didn't study hard, she passed the exam.
用于非限制性定语从句或插入语之前和之后，表示附加信息或注释。非限制性定语从句是指对先行词的补充说明，不是必需的成分，去掉也不影响句子的完整性。插入语是指对全句或部分句子的补充说明，通常由副词、介词短语、分词短语等构成。
例如：
My brother, who is a doctor, works in a hospital.
He is, in my opinion, a good teacher.
She is, however, not satisfied with her life.
用于直接引语的前后，表示引用他人的话语或文献。如果引语在句首，则逗号放在引号内；如果引语在句末，则逗号放在引号外。如果引语是一个完整的句子，则第一个单词要大写；如果引语是一个不完整的句子，则第一个单词不要大写。
例如：
He said, "I'm hungry."
"I'm hungry," he said.
He said that he was "very hungry".
She asked, "Are you hungry?"
2.3 分号（semicolon）
分号用于分隔两个意思相关但又独立的句子，表示并列或对比关系。分号后的第一个单词不需要大写，除非是专有名词。
例如：
Some people like cats; others prefer dogs.
He studied hard; he passed the exam.
She loves him; he hates her.
2.4 冒号（colon）
冒号用于引出对前面内容的解释、说明或举例。冒号后的第一个单词可以大写也可以不大写，但如果是一个完整的句子，则建议大写。
例如：
There are three colors in the flag: red, white, and blue.
He has only one hobby: reading.
She made a promise: She would never lie again.
2.5 问号（question mark）
问号用于结束一个直接的疑问句，表示询问或怀疑。如果是一个间接的疑问句，则不需要问号，而是用句点。
例如：
What is your name?
Where are you from?
He asked me what my name was.
I wonder where he is from.
2.6 感叹号（exclamation mark）
感叹号用于结束一个感叹句，表示惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等强烈的情感。在正式的写作中，应该避免过多地使用感叹号，以免显得不专业或不稳重。
例如：
Wow! That's amazing!
How beautiful she is!
Stop! Don't touch that!
I can't believe it!
2.7 撇号（apostrophe）
撇号有以下两种用法：
表示名词的所有格，即在名词后加's，表示所属关系或属性。如果名词已经是复数形式，则只需加'，不需再加s。
如果名词以s结尾，则可以加's，也可以只加'，但要保持一致。
例如：
This is Tom's book.
These are the students' desks.
James's car is red.
James' car is red.
表示缩略形式，即省略掉一些字母或数字，并用撇号代替。常见的缩略形式有：
缩略形式完整形式
I'm I am
you're you are
he's he is/he has
she's she is/she has
it's it is/it has
we're we are
they're they are
isn't is not
aren't are not
don't do not
缩略形式完整形式
doesn't does not
didn't did not
can't cannot
won't will not
wouldn't would not
shouldn't should not
couldn't could not
mustn't must not
let's let us
that's that is/that has
what's what is/what haselect是什么意思
who's who is/who has
where's where is/where has
how's how is/how has
I'll I will/I shall
you'll you will/you shall
he'll he will/he shall
she'll she will/she shall
it'll it will/it shall
we'll we will/we shall
they'll they will/they shall
I'd I had/I would
you'd you had/you would
he'd he had/he would
she'd she had/she would
it'd it had/it would
we'd we had/we would
they'd they had/they would
I've I have
you've you have
he's he has
she's she has
it's it has
we've we have
they've they have
2.8 引号（quotation marks）
引号有以下两种用法：
表示直接引用他人的话语或文献，即原样复制对方的说法或写法。引号分为双引号（" "）和单引号（' '），一般使用双引号，如果引语中还有引语，则使用单引号。在英式英语中，句点和逗号放在引号外；在美式英语中，句点和逗号放在引号内。其他标点符号根据实际情况放在引号内或外。
例如：
He said, "I'm hungry."
She asked, "Are you hungry?"
He said, "She asked me, 'Are you hungry?'"
She asked, "Did he say, 'I'm hungry'?"
表示对某个词或短语的特殊用法，即用引号表示这个词或短语不是按照通常的意思或语境来理解，而是有一定的讽刺、引申或借用的意味。这种用法通常用单引号。
例如：
He is a 'genius' in his own mind.
She gave him a 'gift' that he didn't want.
He is 'working' on his project.
2.9 连字符（hyphen）
连字符用于连接两个或多个单词，构成一个合成词，表示一个新的概念或属性。连字符有以下几种用法：用于连接形容词和名词，表示一种特定的类型或范畴。
例如：
a five-star hotel
a long-term plan
a high-speed train
用于连接数词和名词，表示一个确定的数量或顺序。
例如：
twenty-one
fifty-five
the first-ever gold medal
用于连接前缀和后缀与单词，表示一种修饰或变化。
例如：
co-operate
ex-wife
re-elect
2.10 短划线（en dash）
短划线用于连接两个数字或字母，表示一个范围或对立关系。短划线比连字符长一些，但比长划线短一些。短划线有以下两种用法：
用于连接两个数字，表示从一个数字到另一个数字的范围，相当于to或through。
例如：
10–20

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