初三英语知识要点副词的过去分词
  和现在分词及短语一样，过去分词(past participles)或过去分词短语(past participial phrases)也可以充当副词，修饰谓语动词。
  过去分词短语可以表达以下四种意思：
  He walked up and down, lost in thought.
  I sat before the desk until after mid-night, absorbed in writing.
  Surrounded by a host of fans, the film star left the airport excitedly.
  Greatly disappointed, some staff decided to leave the place.
  Taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
  Born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
  Thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
  Given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
  Criticised by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.
  除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示以下四种意思：
  ⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示“ 时间”，如：
  When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
  Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to. elect是什么意思
  ⒉由 where, wherever 连词引导，表示“地点”，如：
  Mosquitoes should be pletely exterminated where found.
  Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
  ⒊由 if, unless 引导，表示“条件”，如：
  If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
  We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
  ⒋由 though, although, even though 连词引导，表示“让步 ”，如：
  Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
  Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
  此外，过去分词短语还可以和介词“with”或“without”连用，具副词作用。如：
  With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.
  Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.
  最后，过去分词短语，在适当情况下，可以有自己的主语而变成独立构造(the absolute construction)，如：
  The old man listened, his head inclined to one side.
  初三英语上册知识点：疑问词+不定式动词”构造
  疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外，连接词“whether”也适用。
  “疑问词+不定式动词”构造有何功用呢?其主要功用有以下五种：
  When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
  Where to live is a problem.
  How to cope with the rising cost of living bees a daily discussion topic.
  We must know what to say at a meeting.
  He could not tell whom to trust.
  Do you know how to play bridge?
  The problem is where to find the financial aid.
  The question is who to elect.
  Tom had no idea which book to read first.
  Do you have a rough impression how to do it?
  ⑸当宾语补足语，如：
  Jim is not sure whose to choose.
  Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.
  适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。
  有点值得特别注意的是：当这构造当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如：
  I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
  Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
  有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 构造。例如：
  The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
  Have you told him where to get the application form?
  综上所述，可见“疑问词+不定式动词”构造是个形象清新，既容易用又不容易出错的特别构造，可以多多运用。
  大家不要掉以轻心，以免犯下同样的错误。

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