非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点,非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,V-ing分词(又分为现在分词和动名词)和过去分词。
1.非谓语动词的语法功能
注:常见作独立成分的非谓语动词
to tell you the truth(实话说),needless to say(不用说),to be honest/frank(老实说,坦白说),to be more exact(更确切地说),to make things worse (更糟的是),not to mention…(更不用说),Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)
2.非谓语动词的变化形式
非谓语 形式 | 构成 | ||||
时态 | elect是什么意思语态 | 复合结构 | 否定式 | ||
主动 | 被动 | ||||
不定式 | 一般式 | to do | to be done | for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. | 在“to”前加not 或never |
进行式 | to be doing | / | |||
完成式 | to have done | to have been done | |||
完成 进行式 | to have been doing | / | |||
动名词 | 一般式 | doing | being done | sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing | 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式: sb’s not doing sb’s not having done |
完成式 | having done | having been done | |||
现在 分词 | 与动名词变化形式相同 | 在前加not | |||
(一)辨别谓语与非谓语
特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。
①The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and __ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.
A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing
【解析】容易误选B或C,将其当成谓语看待。under the age of four and ____ less than 40 pounds用作children的定语。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系,所以选择weighing。
②______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.
A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give
【解析】如果不注意分析句子结构,会误选A或C项。这是祈使句+and+陈述句的句型。答案B。
(二)非谓语作主语、宾语的重点
1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语
①It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
it作形式主语使用动名词的句型
①It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。
②It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time)
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定
①I don’t want ____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
【解析】want后要跟动词不定式作宾语,sound是连系动词不用被动式,与谓语动词没有时间的先后,故不可用它的完成式。答案A。
类似的知识点要记牢。如:help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn, plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。
②It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration.
A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted
【解析】imagine要求用动名词作宾语。答案B。
类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词(组)后要用动词动名词作宾语
suggest, risk, devote oneself to(建议冒险去献身)
finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to(完成想象忍盼望)
give up, delay/put off, regret, miss(放弃延期悔失去)
insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice(坚持欣赏要实践)
pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to(注意原谅逃/避反对)
keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind(保持习惯勿介意)
be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy(值得开始将忙乎)
3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同
In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
【解析】此题意为“在英国的一些地方,如果错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时。”mean doing sth 意为“意味着什么”,mean to do sth 意为“试图、打算做什么”。答案A。
类似的知识点要记牢。
动词本身意义不变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同
remember to do sth. 记住要做
remember doing sth.记得过去做过
forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事
forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事
动词本身意义改变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同
regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾
regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔
mean to do sth.打算,想要
mean doing 意味着,意思是
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁,忍不住
can’t help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事
be considered to have done被认为已经做了
consider…to be认为是
consider doing考虑做某事
动词本身意义不变,跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同
want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义,接不定式就要用被动式,这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系
These young trees require looking after(=to be looked after).
The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).
These young trees require looking after(=to be looked after).
The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over).
下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语,跟动名词作宾语
stop to do停下来,要做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语)
go on to do接着做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
go on doing继续做同一件事(动名词作宾语)
4.有些动词后要用“疑问词+不定式”结构作复合宾语
It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
【解析】本题考查“疑问词+不定式”和动词短语 do with 的用法。答案C。
(三)非谓语作表语的重点
①不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”;分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,含义是回答主语“怎么样”。
Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。
Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。
The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。
This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.
这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。
②现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样
”的。现在分词说明主语的特征,过去分词说明主语的状态。如:
This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)
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