英语发音规则
字母是书写英语单词的最小单位,音素是语言中最小的发音单位。字母分为元音字母和辅音字母两种。英语单词中的字母和单词读音中的各个音素并不都存在着对应关系。有时一个字母对应一个音素,有时两个或三个字母对应一个音素。
字组指的是一个或几个字母在一起,发一个音素。字组是拼读英语单词的基本单位,一个字组对应着一个音素。字组能很好地体现出单词的拼写和读音之间的对应关系,一个字组总是对应着一个因素。字组分为元字组和辅字组两类,元字组是对元音字母和元音字母组合的合称;辅音组是对辅音字母和辅音字母组合的合称。
元音字母重读开音节和闭音节中的读音
a
①在开音节中/eɪ/:name, plane, Jane, baby, cake
②在闭音节中
1一般读作/æ/:bag, dad, hat, map, black, back
2后面字母为后面字母为st, ss, th时读/ɑ:/
e
①在开音节中/i:/:he, these, me, Chinese
②在闭音节中/e/:bed, let, pen, desk, yes, egg
i
①在开音节中/aɪ/:bike, drive, time, nice, kite
②在闭音节中/ɪ/:fish, big, drink, sit, milk, swim
o
①在开音节中/əʊ/:those, close, go, hoe, home, no
②在闭音节中/ɒ/:clock, not, box, shop, sock
u
①在开音节中
1./ju:/:student, excuse, duty, Tuesday
2.元音字母u在辅音字母j、l、r或字母组合ch、sh、tr、dr后面时(辅音字母发音为[ʃ]、[ʒ]、[tʃ]、[dʒ]、[l]、[r]、[tr]、[dr]), 读/u:/, 例如:June, blue, ruler, true。
②在闭音节中/ʌ/:bus, cup, jump, much, lunch
元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
a
①在/w/音后面/ɒ/:want, what, watch, wash, quality
②在f, n, sk, ph, sp, ss, st, th, lm前/α:/:after, plant, ask, grasp, glass, fast, father
i
在-nd, -ld和gh前/aɪ/:find, child, light, high
o
①在-st, -ld前/əʊ/:most, postcard, old, cold
②在m, n, v, th前/ʌ/:come, monkey, love, mother
元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
a
/ə/:China, another, woman, breakfast
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置, 作动词后缀音, a读/eɪ/音, 例如:operate, a处在开音节位置,
e
/ə/:hundred, student, open, weekend, chicken, children
i
①/ə/:holiday, beautiful, family, animal
②/aɪ/:exercise, satellite
o
①/ə/:second, tonight, somebody, welcome
②/əʊ/:also, zero, photo
u
①/ə/:autumn, difficult
②/ju:/ :popular, congratulation, January
③在辅音字母j, l, r, s后面时, 读/ʊ/或/u:/音, 例如:July, influence, February, issue。
在非重读音节中, 许多单词中的元音字母a, e, i既可以读/ə/的音, 也可以读/ɪ/的音。
-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
ar
①/α:/:car, farm, dark, sharpener
②在/w/音后面/ɔ:/:warm, quarter, towards
or
①/ɔ:/:forty morning short
②/ɜ:/:word worker worse
er, ir, ur
/ɜ:/:certainly bird Thursday
注:
①辅音字母r双写时, 前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节, 而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如:carry, sorry, hurry。
②-r音节在非重读音节中通常读/ə/音, 例如:dollar, teacher, martyr, forget, Saturday。
-
re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
are
/eə/:care, dare, hare
ere
/ɪə/:here, mere
ire
/aɪə/:fire, hire, wire
ore
/ɔ:/:more, score, before
ure
/jʊə/:pure, cure
-re
/ə/:centre, fibre, titre, meagre, saltpetre
注:
①are, ere, ire, ore很少出现在非重读音节中, ure在非重读音节中读/ə/音, 例如:picture, pleasure。
②重读元音字母加r, 再加非重读元字组时, 重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读, 字母r读/r/音。例如:parent, zero, story, during, inspiring。
③另外, 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如:orange, very, American, paragraph。
schedule读音元音字组在重读音节中的读音
ai, ay
/eɪ/:afraid, rain, wait, day, play
air
/
eə/:air, hair, chair, pair, repair
al
①在l, k前/ɔ:/:small, ball, talk, wall, all, talk,
②/ɔ:l/:always, also, salt, almost
③在f, m前/α:/:half, calm
au, aw
/ɔ:/:autumn, daughter, draw
ea
①/i:/:teach, easy, cheap, please
②/e/:heavy, bread, sweater, weather
③/eɪ/:break, great
ear
①/ɪə/:hear, dear, near, clear, year
②/eə/:bear, pear, wear, swear
③/ɜ:/:earth, learn, early
ee
/i:/:jeep, week, green, three
eer
/ɪə/:pioneer, deer, beer
ei, ey
①/eɪ/:eight, neighbour, they
②/i:/:seize, key
eu, ew
①在j, l, r, s后/u:/:flew, brew, jewelry, jewel
②/ju:/:new, few, newspaper
ie, ei
/s/音之后/i:/:piece, field, receive
oa
/əʊ/:coat, Joan, boat, goal
oar, oor
/ɔ:/:roar, board, door, floor
oi, oy
/ɔɪ/:noise, point, boy, toilet
oo
/u:/:broom, food, tooth, school, zoo
/ʊ/:book, look, cook, foot, good, football
ou, ow
①/aʊ/:flower, house, count, down
②/əʊ/:know, row, throw, though
③/ʌ/:young, country, enough
④/u:/:group, soup
our
①/ɔ:/:course, your, four
②/aʊə/:our, hour, sour
③/ɜ:/:journey
oul
/ʊ/:would, should, could(主要是情态动词、助动词)
ui
①在j, l, r, s后/u:ɪ/:fluid, suicide, tuition
②/u:/:juice, fruit, suit
非重读音节中元音字组和字的读音
ai, ay, ei, ey
/ɪ/:foreign, monkey
ow
/əʊ/:yellow, sparrow, tomorrow
注:元音字组在非重读音节中通常读/ə/音或/ɪ/音。例如:serious, famous, biscuit, coffee, neighbour
-sion, -tion
①/ʃən/:impression, nation
②在元音字母后/ʒən/:vision, decision, occasion
③在s后/tʃən/:question, suggestion
-isle
/aɪl/:aisle, Carlisle
-sten
/sən/:listen
-stle
/sl/:whistle
-
sure
/ʒə/:pleasure, measure
-ture
/tʃə/:picture, culture
元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号, 但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如:everyday/eɪ/, handbag/æ/, blackboard/ɔ:/。有些词随着语言的发展, 前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义, 融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如:holy(神圣)+day/eɪ/(日子)=holiday/ɪ/(假日):break(中断)+fast/α:/(斋戒)=breakfast/ə/(早餐);cup(茶杯)+board/ɔ:/(木板)=cupboard/ə/(碗柜)。
辅字组的读音
b
①/b/:bike, bus, bag
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