大学跨文化英语教材答案
Unit 1: Introduction to Cross-Cultural Communication
Section A: Understanding Culture
1. What is culture?
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes both material and non-material aspects.
2. How does culture influence communication?
Culture influences communication by shaping the way we perceive, interpret, and express verbal and nonverbal messages. It also affects our attitudes towards time, space, relationships, and social norms.
Section B: Cultural Dimensions
1. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
Hofstede identified five cultural dimensions that can help us understand cultural differences:
- Power Distance: The extent to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power.
unequal
- Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus on individual goals vs. group harmony and interdependence.
- Masculinity vs. Femininity: The emphasis on assertiveness, competition, and material success vs. cooperation and quality of life.
- Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk.
- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: The focus on future rewards and persistence vs. tradition and immediate gratification.
2. Trompenaars' Cultural Dimensions
Trompenaars proposed seven cultural dimensions that complement Hofstede's model:
- Universalism vs. Particularism: The emphasis on rules and standards vs. flexibility and relationships.
- Individualism vs. Communitarianism: The importance of personal interests vs. collective welfare.
- Neutral vs. Emotional: The display of emotions in social interactions.
- Specific vs. Diffuse: The separation of personal and professional life vs. overlapping roles.
- Achievement vs. Ascription: The emphasis on individual achievements vs. social status.
- Sequential vs. Synchronic: The perception of time as linear and structured vs. flexible and fluid.
- Internal vs. External Control: The belief in personal control over events vs. fate and destiny.
Unit 2: Verbal Communication across Cultures
Section A: Language and Meaning
1. Language and Culture
Language reflects cultural values, beliefs, and worldview. It includes not only words but also grammar, sentence structure, and idiomatic expressions. To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to remember that words may have different meanings or interpretations.
2. High-context vs. Low-context Cultures
In high-context cultures, such as China and Japan, meaning is often embedded in the context and nonverbal cues. In contrast, low-context cultures, like the United States and Germany, rely more on explicit verbal communication.
Section B: Pragmatics and Speech Acts
1. Speech Acts
Speech acts refer to utterances that perform actions, such as making requests, giving compliments, or offering apologies. However, the appropriateness and interpretation of speech acts vary across cultures due to differences in politeness norms, directness, and indirectness.
2. Politeness Strategies
Politeness strategies aim to maintain social harmony and avoid face-threatening acts. They can be categorized into positive politeness, which emphasizes friendliness and solidarity, and negative politeness, which focuses on respect and deference.
Unit 3: Nonverbal Communication and Culture
Section A: Nonverbal Codes
1. Body Language
Body language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. These nonverbal cues can convey different meanings and emotions across cultures. For example, a thumbs-up gesture may be positive in the United States, but offensive in some Middle Eastern countries.
2. Proxemics
Proxemics refers to the use of space in communication. Different cultures have different preferences for personal space, which can range from intimate distance to public distance. Violating these norms can lead to discomfort or misinterpretation.
Section B: Nonverbal Communication Styles
1. Display Rules
Display rules refer to cultural norms that dictate the appropriateness and intensity of displaying emotions. Some cultures encourage emotional expressiveness, while others value emotional restraint or suppression.
2. Chronemics
Chronemics is the study of how time is perceived and used in different cultures. It includes attitudes towards punctuality, the pace of speech, and the organization of daily activities. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。