archaic1. Word单词: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its won.
2. Vocabulary词汇: refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business, etc. or known to a particular person.
3. Morpheme词素: a morpheme is the minimal unit—an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed.
Lexicology 词汇学 research not only the structure and meaning of words but also their development, including their origin, history, change, their use and learning, and lexicography词典编撰者.
4. Free morphemes自由词素：are the morphemes which can be used by itself as a word.如book, wall, dog, bag.
5. Bond morphemes粘着词素：are the morphemes that cannot be used by its own as a word, that’s to say, they must combined with other morphemes.如tele-, -tive, -ful.
6. Content morphemes实意词素: are the morphemes that carry meaning, also often called open-class morphemes, because they are open to the invention of arbitrary new items.如nouns, verbs and adjectives.
7. Function morphemes功能词素: are the morphemes which signal the relations among words. We also called closed-class morphemes, because they are essentially closed to invention or borrowing.
8. Derivational morphemes派生词素：are the morphemes that can be added to a word to create a new word. This type of morphemes changes the meaning of the word or part of speech or both. 如 the addition of –ness to happy creates happiness which is a noun turned from the adjective happy.
9. Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: are create morphemes that express grammatical meaning like tense, number, aspect and so on. 如-d in invited indicates past tense.
10. Root词根：is the basic form of word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss
of identity. It carries the main components of the meaning of a word. It can also be defined as the part of a word which remains after all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
11. Free roots自由词根：are the roots can stand alone as words.
12. Bound roots粘着词根：are the roots cannot stand alone as words.
13. Stem词干: a stem can be defined as a form to which an affix can be added to. A stem is the part of word form, which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
14. Affix词缀：an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a root to form a word.
15. An inflectional affix曲折词缀 is often a suffix in English that performs a grammatical function and does not change the word class of its root. 如English plural复数 –s and past tense –ed are inflectional suffixes.
16. A derivational affix派生词缀 is an affix by means of which a new word can be formed, d
erivational affixes may be prefixes or suffixes. 如in English –ness and pre-belongs to the derivational affixes.
17. Derivation派生法：is the morphological形态学的 process whereby a derivational morpheme is attached to a root or stem.
18. the word results from derivation is called a derivative.派生词
19. Prefixation前缀法：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
20. Suffixation后缀法：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.
21. Conversion转化法：refers to the morphological process, whereby a new word is created without adding any affixes to the root or stem, just change the word class of the original word.
22. Compounding复合法：is concerned with the combination of two or more words to form a new word.
23. abbreviation缩略法：is lexically regarded as one of the minor means in English word-formation.
24. clipping截短法: is one way in which we shorten a relatively long word and thereby create a new one without changing its meaning. 如we change the word dormitory by clipping and form the new word dorm which is called a clipped word.
25. initialism首字母缩略法: is a reduction process in which initialization in word is used.有两种形式，如LA—Los Angeles;  IOU—I owe you.
26. acronym首字母拼音法: is a word composed of the initial letters of the words of a phrase and is pronounced as a word. 如LAN—local area network.
区别：initialism is pronounced letter by letter；acronym is pronounced whole word.
27. blending拼缀法: the process in which some words are formed by joining part of one word with part of another, is a minor, although fashionable, technique for forming new words.如smoke+fog=smog; spoon+fork=spork.缩略词blends
28. back-formation逆生法：is a formation of shortening in which the omitted material is or is perceived to be a formative, typically an affix.如housekeeper—housekeep; typewriter—typewrite..
29. onomatopoeia拟声法：is one of the minor devices used to form echo/ echoic words related to the imitation of sounds made by human beings, animals and some other things.如ha- ha represent the sound of laugh; boohoo show that someone is crying; bees—buzz.

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