Electoral College (United States)
选举团 (各州选出, 选举总统与副总统的选举)
Electoral College map showing the results of the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) won the popular vote （直接投票, 普选） in 28 states and the District of Columbia (denoted in blue) to capture 365 electoral votes （选举团所投的票）. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) won the popular vote in 22 states (denoted in red) to capture 173 electoral votes. Nebraska split its electoral vote when Senator Obama won the electoral vote from Nebraska's 2nd congressional district; the state's other four electoral votes went to Senator McCain.
The Electoral College consists of the electors appointed by each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States. Since 1964, there have been 538 electors in each presidential election.[1] Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution specifies how many electors each state is entitled to have and that each state's legislature decides how its electors are to be chosen. U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral
College. The Electoral College is an example of an indirect election, as opposed to a direct election by United States citizens.
The voters of each state, and the District of Columbia, vote for electors to be the authorized constitutional participants in a presidential election. In early U.S. history, some state laws delegated the choice of electors to the state legislature. Electors are free to vote for anyone eligible to be President, but in practice pledge to vote for specific candidates and voters cast ballots for （为...投票, 抽签）favored presidential and vice presidential candidates by voting for correspondingly pledged electors（承诺代表; 该代表会根据全国党代表大会的决议，投票支持某一特定候选人）.[2][3]
The Twelfth Amendment provides for each elector to cast one vote for President and one vote for Vice President. It also specifies how a President and Vice President are elected. The Twenty-third Amendment specifies how many electors the District of Columbia is entitled to have.
The Electoral College's existence is controversial. A 2001 Gallup （民意测验或调查）articl
e noted that "a majority of Americans have continually expressed support for the notion of an official amendment of the U.S. Constitution that would allow for direct election of the president" since one of the first-ever public polls on the matter in 1944, and Gallup found no significant change in 2004.[4][5] Critics argue that the Electoral College is archaic, inherently undemocratic and gives certain swing statesarchaic （摇摆州，对选举有重大影响的州） disproportionate influence in selecting the President and Vice President. Proponents argue that the Electoral College is an important, distinguishing feature of federalism in the United States （权力由中央权力机构与组成联邦的政体分享的理念）and that it protects the rights of smaller states. Numerous constitutional amendments have been introduced in the Congress seeking to alter the Electoral College or replace it with a direct popular vote; however, no proposal has ever passed the Congress.

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