英语翻译⽅法总结
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor .—Columbia Encyclopedia .
翻译是⽤另⼀种语⾔重新组合作品⽽不失其原有风格的艺术
译事三难：信(忠实于原⽂)、达(通顺，流利)、雅(优美，优雅)。——严复
The standard of true(信) .  The standard  fluent(达) .  The standard of beauty(雅) .
(12-14)译⽂准确表达了原⽂的意思。⽤词贴切,⾏⽂流畅。，基本上⽆语⾔错误，仅有个别⼩错。 (雅)
(9-11)译⽂基本上表达了原⽂的意思⽂字通顺、连贯,⽆重⼤语错误。                                            (达)
(6-8)译⽂勉强表达了原⽂的意思。⽤词⽋准确，语⾔错误相当多，其中有些是严重语⾔错误。    (信)
翻译本天成，妙⼿偶得之
It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy , sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home .（懒散的树懒）
(出来的)这帮⼈个个出类拔萃——因为凡是呆板、呆滞、呆头呆脑的呆⼦都待在了家⾥。
⼀、修饰后置：
汉语：修饰+核⼼  A good person .
英语：核⼼+修饰这是⼀个⼈  A person who is good.
(定语从句)后置要件：①长②元素复杂
⼩技巧①：如果中⽂直接翻译英⽂⽐较难，可以中⽂—>中⽂—>英⽂(C—>C—>E)
汉语：头衔+姓名+何时逝世伟⼤的领袖李在1942逝世了
英语：姓名+头衔+逝世+何时何地    Li who used to be a famous person was dead in 1942 .
我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是为了纪念古代诗⼈屈原的⽇⼦。
The Dragon Boast Festival is a day in memory of the ancient poet Quyuan.（①介词的使⽤或者 to remember）
“结”在中⽂⾥意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚。(“结”意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚在中⽂⾥。English)
The knot means love , marriage and reunion in Chinese .(⼩技巧②同意转换在⼀起:being together)
过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流⾏。(习俗+过中秋+开始流⾏+在中国各地+于唐代早期)
The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival  became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty .
How hard is it to keep me fit in this lingering cold .让我在这种挥之不去的寒冷中保持健康有多难  [ˈlɪŋgərɪŋ]
⼀些为接受更好教育⽽转往城市上学的学⽣如今⼜回到了本地农村学校就读。(学⽣+转往城市上学的+为接受更好教育+如今⼜回到了本地农村学校就读)
Some students who have transferred to schools in cities for better education are now back to their local schools .
对于[那些⽉薪较低却渴望在⼤城市拥有⼀套属于⾃⼰的体⾯、舒适的栖⾝之所的]⼈来说，⾼昂的房价是他们⽆法承受的负担。
简单：For those people who have little money but want to own a beautiful and comfortable place of their own in the big city .
复杂：For those who earn less but eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city , the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford .
⼤学⽣之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何⼀名⼤学⽣到⼯作的机会都变⼩了。（⾮限制性定语从句：这、该、其）
The competition among graduates (college students) has become more and more fierce, which results that the chance that any individual graduate finds a job has decreased .
剪纸最常⽤的颜⾊是红⾊，象征着健康和兴旺。
The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red , which symbolizes heath and prosperity .
中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被⽤作馈赠外国友⼈的礼物。
Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world , which is often given as a present to foreign friends.
中国剪纸有⼀千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流⾏。
Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years , which was particularly widespread during the Ming and Qing Dynasties .
中国教育⼯作者早就意识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育⼯作者2003年就建议建⽴全民读书⽇。
Chinese educators have realized the significance of reading to our country for a long time , some of who suggested setting up the National Reading Day in 2003.
中国是世界上最古⽼的⽂明之⼀。构成现代世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。
(Low)
China is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world . Many elements that construct the foundation of the modern world originate in China.
(High)
China is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world, where many elements that construct the foundation of the modern world originate in(were from).
我爱你青松⽓质，我爱你红梅品格。
我爱你家乡的甜蔗，好像乳汁滋润着我的⼼窝。temperament : [ˈtemprəmənt]  性格，⽓质sugarcane  ['ʃʊgəˌkeɪn]⽢蔗
I love your temperament of the pine , and your character of red plum.红梅
I love your sugarcane in our hometown , which moistens my heart like breast milk .
修饰后置第3点：插⼊语或同位语
旅游业是最近⼆⼗年来在世界各地迅速发展的⼀个⾏业，现在正引起中国公众越来越⼤的注意。
旅游业+迅速发展的⼀个⾏业+最近⼆⼗年+在世界各地，现在正引起越来越⼤的注意+中国公众。
Tourism is a fast developing industry for the last two decades all over the world, which now draws more and more attention of Chinese public.
⼩技巧③英语被动要体现出来，⽽中⽂不需要
世界贸易组织是成⽴于1995年1⽉1⽇，⽬的是确保⼀个稳定的全球贸易经济环境。(全球贸易经济后置)
The WTO was founded on January 1st , 1995, which aims to ensure a stable environment of trading a
nd economy in the world (global).
合并讲解：
做秘书与⼈们所想象的不同
Being a secretary is different from what people would imagine .
做秘书是⼀份⾮常复杂的需要组织、协调和沟通能⼒的⼯作。
Being a secretary is a very complex job which  needs the ability to organize , coordinate and communicate .
做秘书与⼈们所想象的不同，是⼀份⾮常复杂的需要组织、协调和沟通能⼒的⼯作。
Being a secretary is different from what people would imagine which is a very complex job that needs the ability  to organize , coordinate and communicate .
Being a secretary , different from what people would imagine , is a very complex job which needs the ability  to organize , coordinate and communicate .
③插⼊语{①be去掉②加逗号，去掉which}
旅游业是最近⼆⼗年来在世界各地迅速发展的⼀个⾏业，现在正引起中国公众越来越⼤的注意。
Tourism , a fast developing industry for the last two decades all over the world , now draws more and more attention of Chinese public .
setting是什么意思中文翻译世界贸易组织是成⽴于1995年1⽉1⽇，⽬的是确保⼀个稳定的全球贸易经济环境。
The WTO , founded on January 1st, 1995 , aims to ensure a stable environment of global trading and economy .
使⽤插⼊语条件：①⾸句②名词解释
③双逗号之间的句⼦分析的时候可以省略，更贴合作者的意思(更合适)。
④分析名词解释型句⼦时要先在名词后加逗号。
《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是⼀步中国历史题材⼩说。
Romance of Three Kingdoms,  written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century , is a Chinese history nov
el .(a novel based on Chinese history stories).
中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华⽂化不可分割的⼀部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨⼤贡献。
Traditional Chinese Medicine, an crutical part of Chinese culture , has made great contributions to the development  (and prosperity) of China .繁荣
⼩技巧④造词法：n+v+后缀  time-saving 省时间的  money-saving 省钱的 money-wasting 浪费钱的 art-maker⼿⼯艺⼈
真题：
中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由⼿⼯艺⼈发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为⼀种优雅多彩的艺术和⼯艺。
The Chinese knot ,originally invented by craftsmen ,  (which) has become a kind of elegant and colorful arts and crafts after hundreds of years of  continuous improvement .连续的
⼤熊猫(giant panda)是⼀种温顺的动物，长着独特的⿊⽩⽪⽑。因其数量极少，⼤熊猫已被列为濒危物种。
The giant panda is a sort of peaceful animal with unique white and black fur , which has been listed as an endangered species because of its rarity .稀有
The giant panda , a sort of peaceful animal with unique white and black fur , has been listed as an endangered species because of its rarity .(去掉is，加逗号，去掉which)
New Oriental
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia，⾃由的百科全书
New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc., more commonly New Oriental (Simplified Chinese 新东⽅), is a provider of private educational services in China.是中国私⽴教育服务提供商
修饰后置⼩结
1.介词使⽤(Of/to/in..)
2.定语从句(限制性/⾮限制性)
3.插⼊语或同位语(⾸句名词解释）
⼆、多动句
春天来了，花开了，河⽔化了，阳光洒在⼤地上。(不是多动句，因为有多个主语)
我们来到了⼩河边，来到了⽥野⾥，来到了⼭岗上。(是多动句，⼀个主语，多个动词)
多动句(主语相同）
体重是我的⼤问题，因为它决定着我男朋友和未来嫁出去的可能性。(体重+决定着+可能性)
My weight is a big problem because it determines the possibility of my finding an excellent boyfriend and getting married in the future .
2011年3⽉⽇本核电站事故后，中国的核能开发停了下来，终⽌审批新的核电站，并开展全国性的核安全检查。
After Japan’s nuclear power accident in March 2011 , China stopped nuclear development , terminated approving new nuclear power plant, and started nuclear security checking .
特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被⽤来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的⽓氛。
(⼩技巧⑤如果分辨不出谁是主动词，谁是次动词，就离主语最近的动词(主动词))
doing 表明主语和对象之间的关系是主动，被动⽤done ，表⽬的⽤to do 三个字⽤to do (以，去，来)
During  the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations , in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms(in order )to enhance the joyous atmosphere .
Love really needs courage to face gossip 。爱真的需要勇⽓
鉴于这⼀状况，政府进来采取了⼀些列的措施来防⽌房价过快增长，包括提⾼利率及增加房产税等。
For this reason , the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from raising too fast ,
including taxes on real estate etc.
美国⽹民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，⽤互联⽹为⼯具发电⼦邮件、买卖商品、做研究、规划旅程或付款。
Americans netizens are more driven by practical needs , using Internet as a tool to send emails, buy and sell goods, conduct researches , plan trips or pay bills .
北京计划未来三年投资7，600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放⼊⼿。
Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in the coming three years, starting from reducing the
PM2.5 emissions .
Socrates , condemned to death by the citizens of Athens, prepares to drink a cup of hemlock , surrounded by woebegone friends .
苏格拉底被雅典市民判处死刑，他们准备喝⼀杯铁杉，周围是悲伤的朋友。
多动句⼩结：
1、动词之间地位相同：V1,V2,…, and Vn
2、动词之间有主次之分：到主动词，其他⽤doing done 或者 to do .(⼀般，离主语最近的动词是主动词)
3、不知道谁主谁次：⽤连词
三、⽆主句：
松下问童⼦，⾔师采药去。只在此⼭中，云深不知处。
(我)松下问童⼦，(童⼦)⾔师采药去。(师傅)只在此⼭中，云深(童⼦)不知处。
①补主语 (⽂学作品翻译)
I asked the boy beneath the pines, He said , “The master has gone alone”.
必须保证每天⼋⼩时的睡眠。
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
⼭重⽔复疑⽆路，柳暗花明⼜⼀村。
There is a poem from the Southern Song Dynasty that reads: "After endless mountains and rivers that leave doubt whether there is a path out, suddenly one encounters the shade of a willow ,bright flowers and a lovely viliage ,
中国⼈与狗不能⼊内。
Chinese and dogs can’t go in .
Chinese and dogs are not admitted .
必须保证每天⼋⼩时的睡眠。(②变被动)⼋⼩时的睡眠+必须被保证
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
整个义务教育阶段，要求学⽣在每学期末参加期末考试。
Throughout the whole process of compulsory education , students are required to take final examination .
因此，强烈建议⼤学⽣在课余时间做⼀些兼职⼯作，以积累相关的的⼯作经验。修饰后置+多动句+⽆主句
①在课余时间修饰做兼职放在后⾯，②多动句两个动词(做⼯作，以积累⼯作经验)，③⽆主句(变被动)
Therefore college students are strongly suggested to do part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience .
⼈们常⽤剪纸美化居家环境。
People often use paper cuttings to make their homes beautiful .
Paper cuttings are often used to beautify people’s residences .
⼩技巧⑥汉语不带被动，翻译成英⽂带被动：例如新中国在1949年建⽴
中国结常常作为礼物交换或⽤作饰品祈求好运和辟邪。(中国结被作为礼物)
The Chinese knot is often used to exchange as a gift or pray for good luck and drive away bad luck as an ornament
[ˈɔ:nəmənt].
随着技术和安全措施的改进，发⽣事故的可能性完全可以降低到最低程度。
With the improvement of technology and safety measures , the possibility of accidents can totally be minimized .
[ˈmɪnɪmaɪz]减少，把..减到最低。
③⾮⼈主语+有、存在。
在上的那边海的那边有⼀蓝精灵…
There be 句型
必须保证每天⼋⼩时的睡眠。
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .
2010年，中国约有4.2亿⽹民(netizen), 且还在迅速增长。
In the year of 2010 , there were about 420 million netizens in China, and the number is still growing rapidly .
中西⽅饮⾷⽂化存在极⼤的差异。
There are great differences between Chinese and western eating habits .
Great differences exist between Chinese and western eating habits .
中国地⽅戏种类很多，其中京剧(Peking Opera )是⼀个具有代表性的剧种。
There are many kinds of local operas in China, one of which is Peking Opera , a representative  one .其中之⼀
在当今世界上的190多个国家中，世界贸易组织的成员国(member country)有158个。
There are more than 190 countries in the world today .
There are 158 member countries in the WTO.
There are more than 190 countries in the world today, 158 of which are member countries in the WTO.⽆主句⼩结
1.补主语
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
2.变被动
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
3.There be
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .
知识点回顾：
⼀、修饰后置
1.介词使⽤(Of/to/in..)
2.定语从句(限制性/⾮限制性)
3.插⼊语或同位语（⾸句名词解释）
⼆、多动句
1、动词之间地位相同：V1,V2,…, and Vn
2、动词之间有主次之分：到主动词，其他⽤doing done 或者 to do .(⼀般，离主语最近的动词是主动词)
3、不知道谁主谁次：⽤连词
三、⽆主句
1.补主语
We must guarantee Eight hours’ sleep everyday .
2.变被动
Eight hours’ sleep must be guaranteed everyday .
3.There be
There is Eight hours’ sleep that must be guaranteed everyday .

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