Unit 1 Page 22
The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism or even armed conflict. 
It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 
纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为 举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为 一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多 挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的 误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有 着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方 式、values什么意思
价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的，也是维护世界和平 的决定性因素。
Unit 2 Page 60
Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows  through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society.
Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people,
not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean.
If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be. It gives us assumptions about the ideal  beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in sitting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.
文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申 这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的 DOS 或者 Unix 或者 “视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信 息。 用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它 我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的 共同特征。 
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因 而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物 是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定体的共有财产，而不单是个体的 特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验 之含义的相似阐释。 
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化 就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什 么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。 文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。
Unit 3 Page 96
Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values.
Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture wh
at is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Culture values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Culture values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that culture value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different behaviors under similar circumstances. 
虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化 之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观 
文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和 错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为 之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什 么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是 举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一 种习得的规则体系。 

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