一、名词的分类
普通名词 | 可数名词 | 当不可数名词转化为可数名词时,词义常发生变化。 |
集体名词 | ||
专有名词 | 不可数名词 | |
物质名词 | ||
抽象名词 | ||
二、名词的性
1.在英语中,大多数名词没有性的区别,只有一个共同的形式。部分名词具有性别差异,存在阴性和阳性两种不同的形式。
2.在具有性别差异的名词中,有些名词在词尾直接加“-ess”即可构成阴性名词(多数);有些名词在词尾直接加“-ette”即可构成阴性名词(少数);有些名词以“-ter”或“-tor”结尾,须将结尾改为“-tress”以构成阴性名词;有些名词以“-rer”或“-ror”结尾,须将结尾改为“-ress”以构成阴性名词;有些名词以“-der”结尾,须将结尾改为“-dress”以构成阴性名词。(①“-ter”/“-tor”→“-tres
s”;②“-rer”/“-ror”→“-ress”;③“-der”→“-dress”。注:少数情况下存在例外)
3.在现代英语中,对于无性别区分的名词,一般可通过在该词前加 he/she, male/female, man/woman, boy/girl, lord/lady, dog/bitch, bull/cow, jack/jenny, tom/tally, cock/hen, duck/doe, billy/nanny, father/mother, son/daughter 等词来区分性别。(强调尊敬时,可用 lady 表示女性,但只能用单数形式。)
4.某些外来语中的名词在变为阴性名词时,须接固定的后缀。(Ref.P324<7>)
5.惯用阳性的名词和惯用阴性的名词:
1)阳性词:general, lawyer, fellow, lover, soldier, sailor 等
2)阴性词:nurse, typist, dressmaker, housekeeper 等
3)拟人化的阳性词:Time, Mountain, Wind, War, the Ocean, Storm, Thunder, Sleep, Winter, Summer, Autumn, Despair, Fear 等(代词用 he)
4)拟人化的阴性词:Moon, Spring, Night, Nature, Peace, Hope, Virtue, Truth, the Earth, Lib
erty, Justice, Fame, Victory, Faith, Humility, Pride, Mercy, Art, Science, Soul 等(代词用 she)
5)通常情况下,船、火车、国家、都市均视为阴性名词。
6.man 可以包括 woman,统指一切人,代词用 he/his。
三、名词的数
1.专有名词的复数形式
1)有些专有名词变为复数时,仅在词尾加“-s”即可。
Kansas City → Kansas Citys
Mayor Brown → Mayor Browns
the two Mr. Smiths, Lord Mayors, Queen Elizabeths
(例外:Rockey → Rockies, Sicily → Sicilies)
Kansas City → Kansas Citys
Mayor Brown → Mayor Browns
the two Mr. Smiths, Lord Mayors, Queen Elizabeths
(例外:Rockey → Rockies, Sicily → Sicilies)
2)以下专有名词的复数有两种形式:
Charles → Charles’ → Charleses
Mary → Marys → Maries
January → Januarys → Januaries
February → Februarys → Februries
Mary → Marys → Maries
January → Januarys → Januaries
February → Februarys → Februries
3)专有名词表示同一人名、同一头衔时,可有两种复数形式:
Mr. Smith → the Messrs. Smith → the Mr. Smiths
Miss Alice → Misses Alice → Miss Alices
Lady Brown → the Ladies Brown → the Lady Browns
Doctor Anderson → the Doctors Anderson → the Doctor Andersons
John S. Black, Jr → the John S. Blacks, Jr → the John S. Black, Jrs
Mr. Smith → the Messrs. Smith → the Mr. Smiths
Miss Alice → Misses Alice → Miss Alices
Lady Brown → the Ladies Brown → the Lady Browns
Doctor Anderson → the Doctors Anderson → the Doctor Andersons
John S. Black, Jr → the John S. Blacks, Jr → the John S. Black, Jrs
4)专有名词表示不同人名、相同头衔时,只有一种复数形式:
Dr. Smith and Anderson → Drs. Smith and Anderson
Professor Black and Brown → Professors Black and Brown
Dr. Smith and Anderson → Drs. Smith and Anderson
Professor Black and Brown → Professors Black and Brown
5)专有名词表示相同人名、不同头衔时,只有一种复数形式:
Mr., Mrs. and Misses Huntington
2.规则名词的复数形式
1)“-s”类:
大多数名词的复数形式是在单数名词的词尾加“-s”。
2)“-es”类:
以 o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词,在词尾加“-es”。
有关例外情况,分述如下:
1如果词尾的 ch 发 [k] 音,则在词尾加“-s”;
2对于以字母 o 结尾的外来词或缩写词,则在词尾加“-s”。(若 o 前为元音字母,亦如此)
3有些名词在词尾加“-s”或“-es”均可构成复数形式。(Ref.P325<红框部分>)
weight可不可数4有些名词的复数形式有两种。(如:buffo/buffos/buffi, cello/cellos/celli, solo/solos/soli 等)
3)“y”类:
1以辅音字母 +“y”结尾的名词,须变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。(例外:dry/drys, stand-by/stand-bys 等)
2以元音字母 +“y”结尾的名词,在词尾加“-s”。
3当词尾为“quy”时,须变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。
4)“f”或“fe”类:
1在英语中共有 14 个名词以“f”/“fe”结尾,它们的复数形式是去掉“f”或“fe”再加“ves”。它们是 calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, elf, housewife。
2以下名词在变为复数形式时,既可在词尾直接加“-s”,又可去掉“f”再加“ves”,但两种形式对应的含义往往会有所不同。它们是:scarf, wharf, staff, dwarf, handkerchief, hoof。
3其它以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词变为复数时,一般加“-s”,常见的有:chief, cliff, grief, turf, belief, reef, gulf, brief, mischief, proof, cuff, fife, roof, safe, strife, sheriff, tariff 等
5)“4’s”类:
字母、数字、单词、符号被视为“字”时,常加“’s”构成复数。
3.不规则名词的复数形式
1)以下名词以改变元音的方式变为复数(有些辅音也有变化):
ox → oxen, foot → feet, mouse → mice, goose → geese, child → children, louse → lice, alderman → aldermen, dormouse → doemice, tooth → teeth
(注:①当 foot 表示 infantry,horse 表示 cavalry,sail 表示 ship 时,其本身即具有复数意义,同时形式保持不变。②foot → foots = dregs <沉淀物、渣滓>,goose → gooses = iron <弯把熨斗>)
ox → oxen, foot → feet, mouse → mice, goose → geese, child → children, louse → lice, alderman → aldermen, dormouse → doemice, tooth → teeth
(注:①当 foot 表示 infantry,horse 表示 cavalry,sail 表示 ship 时,其本身即具有复数意义,同时形式保持不变。②foot → foots = dregs <沉淀物、渣滓>,goose → gooses = iron <弯把熨斗>)
2)有些名词单复数形式相同。(Ref.P327<⑴>)
deer, sheep, swine, trout, cod, salmon, means, aircraft, steelworks, works, barracks, bellows, crossroads, gasworks, kennels, head, brace, hundred-weight, horsepower, series, species, précis, stone, lazybones, Chambers, Butchers, Jennings, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese, Burmese, Vietcong, yen, sen等(注:chassis, patios, corps, rendezvous, chamois, faux pas均为法语词,作单数时s不发音,作复数时s读 [z])
deer, sheep, swine, trout, cod, salmon, means, aircraft, steelworks, works, barracks, bellows, crossroads, gasworks, kennels, head, brace, hundred-weight, horsepower, series, species, précis, stone, lazybones, Chambers, Butchers, Jennings, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese, Burmese, Vietcong, yen, sen等(注:chassis, patios, corps, rendezvous, chamois, faux pas均为法语词,作单数时s不发音,作复数时s读 [z])
3)以下名词形式上为复数,但含义上既可表示单数,也可表示复数。(Ref.P(327-328)<①>)
4)直接从汉语音译的名词一般无复数,但要用斜体。
5)某些外来词在构成复数时,保留了原语种中的复数形式。(Ref.P328<3)>)
6)少数外来词有两种复数形式,原有的复数形式多为科学用语,英语中的复数形式则多为一般用语或用于口语。(Ref.P329<4)>)
7)有少数名词具有两种复数形式,它们常具有各自不同的含义,或其中一种复数形式的含义比另一种更多。(Ref.P330<5)>)
4.只有单数形式的名词
1)有生命集体名词(谓语动词多用复数,偶用单数)
例如:class, crew, couple, committee, enemy, audience, association, family, jury, majority, mob, government, staff, opposition, party, team, troop, troupe, swarm, school, shoal, pack, litter, flock, herd, population, humanity, (the) press, livestock, vermin, infantry, clergy, cattle, cavalry, police, scum, personal, people等(注:划线部分的名词一般要被大于“一”的数词修饰,或只能被十、百、千等整数修饰。)(Ref.P330<1)>)
例如:class, crew, couple, committee, enemy, audience, association, family, jury, majority, mob, government, staff, opposition, party, team, troop, troupe, swarm, school, shoal, pack, litter, flock, herd, population, humanity, (the) press, livestock, vermin, infantry, clergy, cattle, cavalry, police, scum, personal, people等(注:划线部分的名词一般要被大于“一”的数词修饰,或只能被十、百、千等整数修饰。)(Ref.P330<1)>)
2)无生命集体名词(有些是物质名词,包括气体名词、液体名词、药品名词等)
例如:machinery, weaponry, clothing, sweat, poetry, jewelry, millinery, cutlery, stationary, crockery, hosiery, footwear, underwear, glasswear, hardwear, sugar, salt, rice, corn, powder, flour, sand, dust, dirt, garbage, grass, hair, furniture, mail, equipment, food, meat, bread, toast, iron, copper, chalk, paper, wood, soap, gasoline, merchandise, foliage, scenery, traffic, landscape, nature, baggage, money, codeine, bunting, pastry, junk, game, linen, stubble, type, blood, oxygen, hydrogen等(注:odor, flavor, beverage, cocktail, vitamin, antibiotic, insecticide均是可数名词,而sauc
例如:machinery, weaponry, clothing, sweat, poetry, jewelry, millinery, cutlery, stationary, crockery, hosiery, footwear, underwear, glasswear, hardwear, sugar, salt, rice, corn, powder, flour, sand, dust, dirt, garbage, grass, hair, furniture, mail, equipment, food, meat, bread, toast, iron, copper, chalk, paper, wood, soap, gasoline, merchandise, foliage, scenery, traffic, landscape, nature, baggage, money, codeine, bunting, pastry, junk, game, linen, stubble, type, blood, oxygen, hydrogen等(注:odor, flavor, beverage, cocktail, vitamin, antibiotic, insecticide均是可数名词,而sauc
e, juice, liquor均可作可数名词或不可数名词)(Ref.P331<2)>)
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