课程主题：名词、形容词和副词、数词 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
学习目标 | 1.掌握名词、形容词和副词、数词的基本用法。 2.结合高考真题及模拟题分析名词、形容词和副词、数词的考点。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
教学内容 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
【知识梳理】 考点一 名词 一、可数名词 1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化 【例题精讲】 例1 Wolves (wolf) are very adaptable: they can live in forests, on open plains,or in the snows of the Arctic. 例2 Looking through the newspaper, I’m shocked by photos (photo) showing the destruction caused by the hurricane. 例3 Sheriff Chip Hughes spoke with reporters from several news agencies (agency) . 例4 [2018浙江11月,64]One study showed that women (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects. 二、不可数名词 1.物质名词、抽象名词大多为不可数名词,一般没有复数形式。常见的不可数名词有: 2.一些名词通常表示抽象概念,是不可数名词,但被赋予了具体含义之后,可作可数名词,即抽象名词具体化。 3.有些名词作可数名词和不可数名词时含义有所不同。 三、名词所有格 所有格作定语,修饰另一名词,表示所有关系。 1.- ’s所有格 主要用于表示有生命的事物或人及与其活动有关的名词,也可用于表示时间、距 离、数量、城市、国家等无生命的事物的名词。构成规则如下: 【例题精讲】 例5 Proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole morning’s(morning) hard work. 例6 The boys’ (boy) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take their shoes off before they got into Tom’s (Tom) car. 2.名词所有格的特殊用法 用于表示店铺、诊所、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时,所有格之后的shop, office,house等常省去。如: at the barber’s (shop) 在理发店 at Mr. Green’s (house)在格林先生家 四、名词的词形转换 动词/形容词可通过加后缀变为名词,名词也可通过加后缀变为另一个名词。常见的名词后缀如下： 【例题精讲】 例7 In Chinese, the same pronunciation (pronounce) in different tones has different meanings. The same is true of music. 例8 The study surveyed 500 families and found that the main psychological problems people suffered were loneliness (lonely) and anxiety (anxious) . 【课堂练习】 1.We always kept bamboo chopsticks along with our knives (knife) , forks and spoons, ready for whenever we happened to have Chinese food for dinner. 2.His courage and persistence (persist) with his brilliance and humor inspired people across the world. 3.To better tell the story, Yu Rong drew inspiration from her several visits (visit) to sites of ancient battles and Henan opera. 4.In 1990, about 750 million people in this country lived in extreme poverty (poor) ; today fewer than 10 million do. 5.People who are far-sighted have difficulty in reading a book unless they hold it at an arm’s length (long) . 6._Curiosity (curious) is part of children’s nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything. 7.I trust the historian completely. His description (describe) of these events corresponds to other accounts written at the time. 8.Some restaurants in Guangzhou stimulate customers’(customer) appetite with many different offerings. 【知识梳理】 考点二 形容词和副词 一、形容词及副词的基本用法及转换 1.形容词的基本用法 【例题精讲】 例1 From news articles and recipes to yoga classes, you can find almost everything on the Internet. Many people find this way of life more convenient__ (convenience) . 例2 After the long voyage, they arrived home, hungry (hunger) and thirsty. 2.形容词+-ly变副词的规则 3.副词的基本用法 副词通常作状语,主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或者整个句子,表示时间、 地点、程度、方式等。位置比较灵活,但enough作副词修饰形容词或副词时,需置于形容 词或副词之后。 【例题精讲】 例3 Trends toward the globalization of industry have dramatically (dramatic) affected food production in California. 例4 Strangely (strange) enough, some famous scientists have the qualities of both being careful and being careless. 例5 Walking at the pace of 4 mph burns around 300 calories per hour. Consequently (consequent) , power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight. 二、形容词和副词的比较等级 1.规则变化 2.不规则变化 3.原级比较 as+形容词/副词原级+as not+as/so+形容词/副词原级+as (表否定比较) as+形容词原级+as+计量名词 【例题精讲】 例6 Actually,the building looked as impressive (impression) as it did in photographs. 4.比较级 weight可不可数①比较级的修饰语常见的有:much, far, a little/a bit, a lot/a great deal, rather, even, still等。 【例题精讲】 例7 It’s good to see that you look much slimmer (slim) because of exercise these days. ②比较级的常见结构 【例题精讲】 例8 The deeper you dive, the _lower (low) the temperature becomes. 例9 Of the two coats, I’d choose the cheaper (cheap) one to spare some money for a book. ③"not/never/nothing等否定词+形容词比较级 (+) "表示最高级意义。 I have never read a better book than this. (=This is the best book I have ever read.) 我从未读过比这本更好的书。 I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon.在 炎热的夏日午后,我想不出比一杯可口的冰啤更好的东西了。 5.最高级 ①最高级的修饰语常见的有:要位于the之前的by far, nearly, almost, by no means, really, quite等以及位于the与最高级之间的序数词等。 I don’t think this film is by far the most boring.我认为这部电影不是最无聊的。 ②最高级的常见结构 the+形容词最高级(+名词) +表示范围的短语 one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数 the/one’s+序数词+形容词最高级+名词单数 【例题精讲】 例10 Shenquan Guyu, a large-scale health and leisure village club, is home to one of the largest (large) hot spring bases in North China. 三、倍数表达法 倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as+比较对象 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ 倍数+the+size/height/weight/length/width/depth/...+of... 倍数+that/ 倍数+what从句 【例题精讲】 例11 This star is absolutely huge. It’s 100 times _b_ g_g_e _ (big) than the sun and thousands of times brighter (bright) . 例12 The pool stretches 150 meters, three times the length(long) of a standard Olympic swimming pool. 四、易混副词辨析：同根副词加-ly和不加-ly 有些副词有两种形式：一种与形容词同形,多表具体意义；另一种是"形容词+-ly"构 成的副词，多表抽象、引申意义。它们有时含义相同或略有不同,有时则完全不同。常见 的这类易出错的副词有: 【例题精讲】 例13 Acupuncture (针灸) and moxibustion (艾灸) have been widely (wide) practiced in China for thousands of years. 【课堂练习】 1.Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate easily (easy) in writing. 2.Also, coffee drunk on an empty stomach is not recommended because it can be harmful (harm) to your body. 3.The professor presents the profound and complex theory in a simpler (simple) version so as to make himself better understood. 4.Therefore, after graduating from university, I decided to achieve something more _beneficial (benefit) that would help the wider community. 5.When the Spanish set out to explore the region, they hoped to find land as valuable (value) as what they had found earlier in Mexico. 6.In the course of pursuing dreams, we could not be hasty, nor impatient (patient) . 7.Laughter yoga promotes the use of laughter as a form of physical exercise, attaching more (much) importance to the former than to the latter. 8.Computers and mobile phones, though indeed making our life easier (easy) and more efficient, have reduced the need for face-to-face communication. 9.In Chinese cuisine, tomatoes are frequently(frequent) used as decorations,adding a refreshing sour-sweet flavor to meaty dishes. 【知识梳理】 考点三 数词 一、基数词 【例题精讲】 例1 Back in the nineties (ninety) , he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season. 二、序数词 1.基数词变序数词的规律 2.序数词的基本用法 序数词前一般要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词等限定词。序数词前也可加不定冠词,表示"又一,再一"。 【例题精讲】 例2 I am thankful for my uncle’s teaching me to ride a bike on my ninth(nine)birthday. 【课堂练习】 1.Guan Yu,general of the second and the third (three) century AD,was an iconic figure in Chinese history,well-known for his bravery and loyalty. 2.The book is very interesting; I want to read it a _second (two) time. 3.There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late eighties(eighty) . 4.It is reported that the floods have left thousands (thousand) of people homeless. 【考点分析】 1 名词的数和格 [全国卷5年8考] 【真题演练】 1.[2022新高考Ⅰ,62]The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 2.[2022新高考Ⅱ,64]"He saved my son’s (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. 1.空处考查名词的数时,考生通常根据名词是否可数以及空前的修饰词判断； 2.高考对名词所有格的考查相对较少，考生需判断空处与空后名词是否为所属关系。 【课堂练习】 1.[2021新高考Ⅰ,57]The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we humans (human) are. 2.[2021全国甲,69]Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and_watchtowers (watchtower) to take 3.[2021全国乙,69] Activities (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment . 4.[2021浙江1月,58]It is calculated by dividing a person’s(person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 is considered healthy. 5.[2021北京,11]Why do we dream? Scientists aren’t completely sure, and they have diverse ideas (idea) . 6.[2020浙江,62]Later, they learned to work with the seasons (season) , planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉)their fields. 7.[2020北京,7]Now, lots of countries (country) and regions are taking action to ban the sale of such bags to stop people using them. 8.[2018全国Ⅰ,67]Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause) . 9.[2018浙江,56]Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 2 词形转换 [全国卷5年37考] 【真题演练】 3.[2022新高考Ⅱ,58]On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell asleep (sleep) while watching TV. 4.[2022新高考Ⅱ,60]When he looked down, he accidentally (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. 5.[2022全国甲,65]Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental protection(protect) . 高考以词形转换的形式来考查名词、形容词和副词最为常见,做题时要注意分析 空处在句中所作成分。常考形式有"a/an+ adj.+ n.""the + n.+ of"等； 空处修饰动词、 形容词、副词或整个句子时，用副词。 【课堂练习】 一、其他→名词 (一)动词 →名词 1.[2022浙江,58]John Olson, a former photographer (photograph) , and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models. 2.[2022浙江1月,64]When the answer was no, she declined the invitation (invite) . 3.[2021新高考Ⅱ,64]A company representative (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights. 4.[2020新高考Ⅱ,58]Also, technological know-how has become a requirement_(require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most professions. 5.[2020全国Ⅱ,61]Chinese New Year is a celebration (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 6.[2019全国Ⅰ,66]In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief (believe) that populations are increasing. 7.[2019全国Ⅲ,66]When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 8.[2019浙江,64]Other American studies showed no connections (connect) between uniforms and school performance. 9.[2018全国Ⅱ,66]This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 10.[2018浙江,64]Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight (weigh) problems. (二)形容词 →名词 11.[2022浙江,64]"I can actually feel what you see when you look at it," he said. For Luc, this means independence (independent) . 12.[2020新高考Ⅰ,64]At the Jorvik Centre in York ，the city’s Viking settlement is recreated ， and people experience the sights,sounds and smells of the old town. Historical accuracy (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 13.[2020全国Ⅲ,64]Filled with curiosity (curious) , the artist packed his bags and left. (三)名词 →名词 14.[2018全国Ⅲ,66]My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 二、其他→形容词/副词 (一)名词/动词→形容词 15.[2022全国甲,66]Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning) . 16.[2022浙江,60 & 61]Blind people recognize shapes with their existing (exist) senses, in a way similar to that of sighted (sight) people, says Ella Striem- Amit, a Harvard scientist. 17.[2021全国乙,61 & 62]Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响)travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural 18.[2021全国乙,68]Provide financial (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples. 19.[2021新高考Ⅰ,60]Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us astonished (astonish) . 20.[2021新高考Ⅱ,61]I told him how harmful (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. 21.[2021新高考Ⅱ,62]I was so excited (excite) when he wrote back to me. 22.[2020新高考Ⅰ,56]In the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy (wealth) people travelled and collected plants ，historical objects and works of art. 23.[2020新高考Ⅱ,57]At the same time, computer games are becoming increasingly popular as major publishing houses continue to develop educational (education) computer programs for children in preschool. 24.[2020全国Ⅱ,69]The beautiful (beauty) long branches covered with pink- colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 25.[2019全国Ⅱ,70]We are so proud of her. It’s wonderful (wonder) . 26.[2019浙江,65]School uniforms are _traditional_ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. 27.[2018全国Ⅰ,69]Running is cheap, easy and it’s always energetic (energy) . 28.[2018全国Ⅱ,67]According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global_ (globe) fertilizer consumption. (二)形容词 →副词 29.[2021新高考Ⅰ,58]The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will undoubtedly (undoubted) help you get refreshed! 30.[2021北京,16]Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could safely (safe) wait for the police to take her home. 31.[2020全国Ⅰ,62]Landing on the moon’s far side is extremely (extreme) challenging. 32.[2020全国Ⅱ,66]Chinese love their "Lucky Bamboo" plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. Certainly (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. 33.[2020全国Ⅲ,68]As the small boat moved gently (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. 34.[2019全国Ⅰ,62]It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide. 35.[2019全国Ⅱ,63]Her years of hard work have finally (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year. 36.[2019全国Ⅲ,67 & 68]They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely (huge) popular with tourists. 37.[2019浙江,60]When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily (easy) see them. 38.[2018全国Ⅱ,63]A taste for meat is actually_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. 考向3 形容词和副词的比较等级 [全国卷5年8考] 【真题演练】 6.[2022全国乙,64]As a main promoter of the International Tea Day， the birthplace of tea and the largest (large) tea-producing country，China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 7.[2021新高考Ⅰ,59]The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the hotter (hot) the spring! 高考考查形容词和副词的比较等级时,通常需要借助标志词(than,of all等)、修饰词或一些固定句式来判定设空处用比较级还是最高级。有时则需要通过推测语境中 暗含的比较含义来进行判定。 【课堂练习】 1.[2022全国甲,68]In the last five years, Cao has walked through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest (high) mountain. 2.[2021全国甲,65]After spending some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better (good)than to ride on a piece of history! 3.[2020全国Ⅲ,62]One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their finest (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. 4.[2020北京,10]They were much stronger than modern humans, but it’s long been assumed that human ancestors were smarter (smart) than the Neanderthals. 5.[2019全国Ⅰ,68]Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are. 6.[2018全国Ⅰ,61]According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years longer (long) than non-runners. 7.[2018全国Ⅲ,63]He screams the loudest(loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. 考向4 数词 [全国卷5年1考] 【真题演练】 8.[2021新高考Ⅱ,56]In the seventh_ (seven) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. 高考考查数词很少。使用序数词时,空前一般有定冠词the；还要注意固定用法中的数词,如in his thirties ，thousands of等。 特别提醒:高考中出现过一次不给提示词考查副词的情况[2019全国Ⅲ ，41考查) ]。 【课后巩固】 一、单句语法填空 1.[2023四川宜宾一模]Classical Chinese garden design, which seeks to re-create natural landscapes in miniature, is nowhere better (well) illustrated than in the nine gardens. 2.[2023广东广州三校联考]Get ready and you will enjoy space travel. The sky outside your spacecraft is mostly (most) black. 3.[2023四川泸州一模]Through the_participation (participate) of a greater number of online users, who grow virtual trees, the SEE Foundation has been providing subsidies for local herdsmen while offering powerful (power) support in technology for desert areas. 4.[2023广东广州三校联考]Suddenly you see a glow (暗淡的光) in the distance(distant) . As you approach, it becomes bigger (big) and stranger. 5.[2023四川宜宾一模]With a view of pavilions, early visitors (visitor) to this garden in downtown Suzhou can feel a sense of inner peace. 句意：望着亭台楼阁的美景，早早来到这座位于苏州市中心的园林的游客可以感受到一种内心的平静。 6.[2023山东日照校际期中联考]Wang has completed hundreds (hundred) of paintings about Chinese culture, figures, landscape, flowers and birds. 7.[2023四川宜宾一模]Shortly (short) after dawn, the 680-year-old Lion Grove Garden wakes up to the sound of birds and its moist air is filled with pleasant scent. 8.[2023广东广州三校联考]As you go deeper (deep) , the gas begins to get darker. 9.[2023广东广州三校联考]If you keep going down, your spacecraft could melt from the heat. You get away from this pink world and back into the darkness (dark) of outer space. 10.[2023山东日照校际期中联考]Many artists draw with pens and brushes, but few "paint" with knives(knife) . 11.[2023山东日照校际期中联考]Unlike traditional (tradition) paintings, onto which colors are "added", "knife painters" apply varied pressure on the paper in different _directions__ (direction) to create different colors and tones. 12.[2023福建龙泉九校期中联考]"_Fortunately (fortunate) , we have these people.They have been devoted to the inheritance of shadow play for over a decade," said Wang Xi, an inheritor of the Beijing western-school shadow theater. 13.It’s one of the_rarest (rare) places in the world where the desert meets the sea. 14.[2023广西柳州统考]One of the students (student) , Zhang Liang, has become the main puppeteer (操纵木偶的人) of the show after two years’ practice. 15.[2023上海市敬业中学期中]I’ve recently (recent) been involved in a TV programme, The Junk Food Experiment, in which we asked six British celebrities to live on a junk food diet for three _weeks__ (week) . 16.[2023广西柳州统考]More popular forms of intangible cultural heritage have gradually (gradual) emerged from the shadows. 17.[2023江苏南京外国语学校期中]In 2017, after a week of Western-style breakfasts of toasted sandwiches and milkshakes, researchers found participants (participate) didn’t perform well in learning and memory tests which are typically dependent (depend) on the hippocampus. 18.[2023湖南永州市第一中学阶段练]The invention of the compass was a great contribution (contribute) of the Chinese people to world civilization. 19.[2023湖南永州市第一中学阶段练]Our compass spread to Europe and the Arabian region around the twelfth (twelve) century, greatly contributing to the development of world navigation and human society. 注意以1,2,3结尾的序数词(11,12,13除外)的写法，如： the 21st century, January 22nd, the 23rd Olympics。 20.[2023宁夏银川二中阶段练]Since 2008, Beijing has promoted a program to provide opera training in dozens of primary schools___ (school) . 21.[2023宁夏银川二中阶段练]Schools hire _professional__ (profession) actors and actresses to work with students as young as 6 or 7. 22.[2023湖南长沙一中期中]Huguosi Street was one of Beijing’s busiest (busy) commercial avenues in the old days. 23.[2023陕西长安一中期中]Many scientific studies have shown that people spending at least two hours a week in nature have better (good) health than before. 24.[2023河北部分学校大联考]China’s autonomous driving industry is entering a golden development period, with many effective__ (effect) policies becoming increasingly clear and open, and technologies and algorithms (算法) becoming more powerful. 句意：中国的自动驾驶行业正进入一段黄金发展期， 许多有效的政策越来越清晰和开放，技术和算法也越来越强大。 25.[2023广东茂名期中大联考]The entire picture is particularly (particular)beautiful, giving people an elegant and noble image. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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