英 语 动 词 的 种 类
◆提示：以下动词的分类并没有绝对的标准。有的分类只是为了更好地学习英语动词、掌握动词的用法和搭配，以及更好地学好与动词有关的语法。
◆切记：有些动词作不同的意义解释时可以分属于不同种类的动词。因此，我们要特别注意一词多义现象。
◆ 动词的种类分类总表：(更多更详细的内容请参考其他复习内容.)
情态动词 | 1 | 只作情态动词使用 | can/ could/ must/ may/ might/ ought to | 请你参考复习以前发放的资料 | ||||||||||||||||
2 | 可作情态动词，也可作实义动词 | need/ dare | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 可作情态动词，也可作助动词 | shall/ should/ will/ would | ||||||||||||||||||
4 | 勉强可作情态动词 | have to/ had better/ used to | ||||||||||||||||||
助动词 | 1 | be | 形式变化：am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ been/ being | 同时是实义和系动词 | ||||||||||||||||
2 | do | 形式变化：does/ did | 同时是实义动词 | |||||||||||||||||
3 | have | 形式变化：has/ had/ having | 同时是实义动词 | |||||||||||||||||
4 | shall | 形式变化：should | 同时是情态动词 | |||||||||||||||||
5 | will | 形式变化：would | 同时是情态动词 | |||||||||||||||||
系动词 | 1 | 状态系动词 | be | 特别说明： 这里列举的所有系动词本身都是实义动词。但它们表示的意思不同。请注意结合句意去理解判断。 | ||||||||||||||||
2 | 表像系动词 | look / appear/ seem | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | 感官系动词 | feel / smell/ sound/ taste | ||||||||||||||||||
4 | 持续系动词 | keep/ rest/ remain/ continue/ last/ lie/ stand/ stay | ||||||||||||||||||
5 | 变化系动词 | become / grow/ turn/ go/ get/ fall/ come/ run | ||||||||||||||||||
6 | 终止系动词 | prove/ turn out | ||||||||||||||||||
实 义 动 词 | 1 | 不及物动词（vi） | 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词。 vi后面若要跟宾语，必须加上介词。 | 有不少的动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。区别在于它所表示的含义有所不同。 | 第2页有更多内容 | |||||||||||||||
及物动词 （vt） | 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词。 vt后面可以直接跟宾语。 | |||||||||||||||||||
2 | 静态动词 | 静态动词是表示静止状态的动词。一般不用于进行时态。 | ||||||||||||||||||
A. 表示存在、从属意义的动词。 | 如：be（“是”）、have（“有”）、own, exist, live, belong to | |||||||||||||||||||
B. 与五官感觉有关的动词 | 如：hear, see, feel, taste, smell…及watch, notice, observe, find, catch | |||||||||||||||||||
C. 表示心理状态或情感状态的动词 | believe; consider; expect; envy; suppose; feel; think; find; forget; hate; hope; imagine; know; like; love; mind; realize; regret; suppose; understand; want; wish…… | |||||||||||||||||||
D. 接度量衡名词的动词 (+数词+单位) (这些动词的主语通常是物) | weigh, cost, cover, last, take, extend, stand, measure, number, total, carry, contain, seat… | |||||||||||||||||||
动态动词 | 动态动词是表示运动状态的动词。可用于进行时态。 | |||||||||||||||||||
A延续性动词：表示行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。 | eat， listen， read， run， walk，work，write…… | 第3页有更多相关内容. | ||||||||||||||||||
B终止性动词：表示行为或过程是短暂的或瞬时间完成结束。 | arrive; begin; break; bring; buy; catch; close; come; die; discover; fall; leave; open; put on; take off; sell; start; stop; return; go; jump…… | |||||||||||||||||||
C表示状态改变或位置转移的动词. | arrive，change，come，die，go，land（着陆），leave… | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | 使役动词 | A.表示“使、令、让、叫…”等意义的动词. 如: make, have, let, get, keep… | 第4页有更多相关内容. | |||||||||||||||||
B.表示“使人……，令人……”的心理状态的动词。如： interest; excite; astonish; move; amuse; surprise……(+ sb.) | ||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 表示动作的动词 表示状态的动词 表示结果的动词 | put on / wear/ be on; look at/ see; ③look for/ find; ④listen to/ hear;⑤study/learn; ⑥try to do/ manage to do ⑦prepare for/ be prepared for, ⑧advise/ persuade 等。 | 请大家注意积累. | |||||||||||||||||
5 | A谓语动词 | 在句子中作谓语的动词。 | 注意谓语动词的时态和语态变化。 | |||||||||||||||||
B非谓语动词 | 在句子中不是用作谓语的动词。 | 变化形式：进行式、完成式、被动式、否定式。 | ||||||||||||||||||
A不定式 | to do | 形式变化：to have done/ to have been done / to be doing/ not to do | ||||||||||||||||||
B动名词 | doing | 形式变化：not doing | 今后有专题复习有关内容. | |||||||||||||||||
C现在分词 | doing | 形式变化：having done/ having been done/ not doing not having done/ not having been done | ||||||||||||||||||
D过去分词 | done | 形式变化：not done | ||||||||||||||||||
◆相关动词分类对比与同近义动词的区分（重点内容）
及物动词与不及物动词 | vi用法（1） 主语+ vi (+状语) | (不及物动词):ache=hurt; appear; bathe; bleed; breathe; cheer; clap; cough; cycle; dance; disappear; dive; drown; exercise; continue; exist; fade; fall; fish; float; flow; hurry; freeze; hibernate; leak; matter; pour; quarrel; rain; recover; run; settle; sew; ship; rest; rise; rot; shop; sigh; ski; sink; sit; skate; sleep; speak; snow; sound; travel; swim; act, come, go, cry, blow, smile, sleep, run, retire, fly, jump, stand….. (不及物动词短语): show up, break down, break out, turn up, die away, die out, give out, run up, ……. | |||||||||||||
vi用法（2） 主语+vi+介词+宾语 | aim + at look +at stare +at stay +at glance + at laugh + at contact +with sb deal + with disagree + with end + in/up with wait +for depend + on operate +on rely + on insist + on doing | live +in/on belong + to sb come + to sb go + to happen +to sb lie + to/in listen + to object +to occur +to refer +to relate +to reply +to return +to stick +to sth graduate + from suffer +from | fail + in succeed +in doing fall +off/ onto struggle + for/ against vote +for/ against care + for/about apologize + to sb for doing argue + about sth with sb die +in/ from/ of/ talk +about sth/ to sb think +of/ about/ over compete + in sth with sb agree + to/ with / on work +on/ at/ in/for arrive + in/ at (要熟记它们的搭配。) | ||||||||||||
vt与vi近义词对比 | listen to sb sound like sth hear sb | arrive in/at get to reach | belong to sb own sth possess sth | lie in + be situated in + be located in + | |||||||||||
contact with sb touch sb | talk tell | work for sb serve sb | reply to answer | ||||||||||||
appear show sth to sb | rise / go up / increase raise | sit seat sb | look at see/ watch | ||||||||||||
succeed in doing manage sth/ to do | break in break into | go out turn off | look for find | ||||||||||||
give in give up | agree with sb promise sb | ||||||||||||||
A既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。 | 如: begin "开始"。Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, | ||||||||||||||
B既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。 | 如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。He lifted his glass and drank. 类似的还有：beat vi.(心脏)跳动/vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长/ vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍/ vt. 打（牌、球）演奏 smell vi. 发出（气味）/ vt. 嗅 ring vi.（电话、铃）响/ vt.打电话 speak vi. 讲话/ vt. 说（语言） hang vi. 悬挂 / vt. 绞死 operate vi. 动手术/ vt. 操作 run vi. 跑步; 褪 vt. 经营 | ||||||||||||||
C 有的及物动词加上介词后，表示的意思不同。如：allow 允许 allow for 考虑到…… | |||||||||||||||
感官动词 | ◆ 感官动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at; hear; listen to的用法归纳总结: (感官动词+ sb. do/ doing // sth done)。 1．后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作 When you go to watch the football match, you will enjoy seeing the Chinese football team win. 2．后接V-ing形式表示正在进行的动作。 Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy. Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast. 3．后接V-ed形式表示被动意义。 After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed. Although I had learnt some English, I had never heard a word of it spoken. 试比较（注意理解）: １）I heard him sing a song. 我听他唱了一首歌（指自始至终整个过程）。 ２）I heard him singing a song. 我听见他正在唱歌唱（指当时动作的某个片断）。 ３）I heard a song sung. 我听见（有人）唱歌（逻辑主语“歌”与“唱”是被动关系。） | ||||||||||||||
延续性动词与终止性动词的对比 | 注: “→”左边的是终止性动词(瞬间动词); “→”右边的是延续性动词 | ||||||||||||||
更多的终止性动词(瞬间动词): borrow, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, reach, recognize. | |||||||||||||||
borrow→keep buy→have become→be put on→ wear move to→live in recognize→know catch a cold→have a cold get to know→know | open sth→keep sth open leave→be away from begin/start→be on die→ be dead finish→be over return→be back join→be in + 组织机构 / →be a member of + 组织机构 | come here→be here go there→be there come back→be back fall asleep→be asleep get to/arrive/reach→be (in) go (get) out →be out fall ill→be ill get up→be up | |||||||||||||
◆ 在有表示时间的场合，要注意根据句子或上下文提供的时间关系判断句子中的动词该使用延续性动词还是终止性动词。 | |||||||||||||||
1. 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间”状语连用。但: come/ begin/ get + to + 延续性动词可表示一瞬间的动作。(“点时间”指具体某一时间点;“段时间”指某一时间内.) | It rained at eight yesterday morning. (误) 因为rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后矛盾。 It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. (正) ----When did you get to know Jack? ----Two years ago. ----Then you've known each other for more than two years. ----That's right. | ||||||||||||||
2. 终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间”(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是“段时间”(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词一般只能用延续性动词。 | When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词; when不可用while替换.) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语) I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks. | ||||||||||||||
3. 终止性动词的完成时态，表示动作的完成并产生了影响与结果。但一般不能与表示延续的时间段短语“for…”或“since…”以及“How long …”连用，终止性动词否定式除外。 | He has joined the League. 他已经入团。 →He has been a League member for three years. →He has been in the League for three years. The old man died 4 years ago. →The old man has been dead for 4 years. →It is 4 years since the old man died. →Four years has passed since the old man died. I bought the book 5 days ago. →I have had the book for 5 days. | ||||||||||||||
4.注意句型(1): “It is ＋一段时间＋since从句(+ 终止性动词的过去时)” “一段时间＋has passed＋since从句( + 终止性动词的过去时)”: 句子的含义是: “自从…起, 有……(多长的时间)”。 如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的现在完成时，那么与其一般过去时的含义就完全相反了。 | 注意比较理解: I have been at school since I have been ill. 我生病以来一直在学校里。 I have been at school since I was ill. 我病愈以来一直在学校里。 It′s 4 years since Mr Li smoked. 李先生戒烟已有四年了 It is four months since my elder sister went to Britain.我去英国已有四个月了。 More than three years has passed since Mary came to China. 玛丽来中国已有三年多了 | ||||||||||||||
5. 注意句型(2): “not + 终止性动词 + until/till ...” 意为“直到……才……”。 “延续性动词 + until /till…” 表示：“…一直延续到….” | I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。 I won’t leave till my parents come back. 我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就一直呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。 I didn’t receive the notice until last evening. 直到昨天晚上我才收到通知。言外之意是，昨天晚上前我一直没有接到通知。 We worked until 11:00 yesterday evening. 我们昨天晚上一直工作到11点。 | ||||||||||||||
高考中常见使役动词的用法与搭配 | 1. make | make sb. do sth 使/让/逼某人做某事; (被动形式)→sb. be made to do make sth done 使/让某事得以…… make sb. adj 使某人处于…的状态 make sb sth 使/让某人成为… She will make a good wife. 她会成为一个好妻子。 make oneself done 使某人的…为他人所… (make oneself heard/ understood) | |||||||||||||
2. have | have sb do sth 使/让/请某人做某事. have sb doing. 使/让某人一直做某事 have sth done 请/让某人做某事; 招致或遭遇到(不好的事情) have sb adj. 使/让/某人处于…的状态 It had the salesmen busy around. | ||||||||||||||
3. let | let sb do sth 让/允许某人做某事 let sb+介词短语 让某人处于…的状态 | ||||||||||||||
4. keep | keep sb doing sth 使/让某人一直做某事 keep sb/sth +介词短语. 让某人或某物处于…的状态 | ||||||||||||||
5. get | get sb to do sth 请/让某人做某事 Would you please get them to bring down the price? get sth done. 请/让某人做某事 I’ll get my hair cut. get sb doing. 请/让某人一直做某事 The joke got us laughing. | ||||||||||||||
6. leave | leave sb (to) do sth 让某人做/干某事 We’ll leave them(to) run the shop. leave sb doing sth 让某人继续处于某种状态 Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. leave sth done 让某事保持…的状态 The workers left the rest of the work untouched.工人们对余下的工作动都没有动一下。 | ||||||||||||||
7. cause | cause sb to do sth 使得/促使/引起某人做某事 What caused him to quit his job? 是什么原因使他辞职的? | ||||||||||||||
8. lead | lead sb to do sth. weigh名词使得/引导某人做某事 What led you to think so? lead sb in doing sth 领导某人/带领某人干某事. The Party leads us in carrying out reform and opening up. | ||||||||||||||
9. force | force sb to do sth 迫使/ 强迫某人做某事 The policemen forced the criminals to give up their arms. 警察迫使罪犯放下武器 | ||||||||||||||
10. drive | drive sb+adj 使/逼迫某人变成…的状态 The loud noise have driven us mad. drive sb to do sth 迫使/逼迫某人做某事 He drove her to admit it. 他逼迫她承认。 drive sb+介词短语 迫使/逼迫某人进入…的境地 The men drove the young man to the wall. 这几个人把这青年人逼得走投无路. | ||||||||||||||
11. oblige | oblige sb to do sth 使某人(按法律、条约、合约等要求)而必须做某事。 The scandal obliged the minister to resign. 这一丑闻迫使部长辞职。 | ||||||||||||||
12. send | send sb doing sth 使某人进入(特定状态); (迫)使某人处于…的状态 The slightest touch will send us floating away from in the opposite direction in space. send sb+介词短语 (迫)使某人进入…的状态The failure sent him into discouragement. send sb to do sth 派某人干某事 | ||||||||||||||
13. set | set sb to do sth 使某人开始或着手做某事 set sb doing sth 使某人开始或着手做某事 They set him to mow the lawn. 他们叫他给草坪刈草. Her words set me thinking. 她的话使我深思。 set + sb./ sth + adj 使…处于(…的状态) She set the caged bird free. | ||||||||||||||
14. place | place sb in/into… 使某人处于……地位/位置 The victory in the contest placed our team in a favorable position. | ||||||||||||||
15. put | put sb in/into 使某人处于……地位/位置 (用法同place.) | ||||||||||||||
16. bring | bring sb/sth+介词短语 使某人或某物处于…的状态 bring sb. back to life. 使某人起死回生 bring …under control. 使…处于控制之下 The joke brought the class into laughter. | ||||||||||||||
17. land | land sb in… 使某人在……(地方)着陆 I’ll land you safe in Liverpool. | ||||||||||||||
18. cost | cost sb sth. 使人遭到……损失；使人赔了……本 The failure in the contest cost us the first place held for 10 years. 这次比赛失败使我们丢失了保持已10年之久的冠军宝座。 | ||||||||||||||
19.具有使役意义, 表示“使人……，令人……”的心理状态的动词。如： interest sb in…(使某人对…感兴趣) excite sb (使某人激动)…astonish sb…(使某人震惊) move, amuse, surprise, terrify, convince, inspire, encourage, satisfy, delight, please, frighten, surprise, amaze, shock, worry, disappoint, discourage, puzzle, tire, terrify… ◆上述V-ed/ V-ing的用法区别: 如: The story was so moving that everyone present was moved to tears. What disappointing result! We were all disappointed with it. Climbing a hill was tiring and we were tired when we reached the summit. | |||||||||||||||
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