非谓语动词作定语语法讲义
一． 如何判断非谓语动词作的是定语：
1.看横线所在的位置
具体方法如下：
如果横线放在了名词或名词+逗号之后，则作的是定语。
如：
The meeting________ yesterday was very important.
The university, ________ in 1902, has a history of a century.
2.翻译：翻译时先把句子的主干部分出来，然后看剩下的部分是不是放在了名词之后，并且能够放在名词之前加“的”翻译，如果是，则作的是定语。
如：
The meeting________ yesterday was very important.
The university, ________ in 1902, has a history of a century.
二． 作定语时的逻辑主语：
作定语时，逻辑主语就是所修饰的名词。
如：The meeting held yesterday was very important.
三． 如何确定用什么样的非谓语动词作定语：
1. 和逻辑主语之间的主被动关系
2. 时间关系：将要发生、正在发生、已经完成
如：
1）The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well ______.
A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending
2）The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket__________ the desert.
A. covering B. covered C. cover D. to cover
3）— The last one __________________ pays the meal.
— Agreed! (2007全国卷I)
A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving
四．作定语的具体用法：
1. 能作定语的不定式和分词有：to do, to be done, doing, being done, done（务必牢记）.
注：having done 绝对不能作定语。
原因：当作定语的非谓语动词的动作明显发生在谓语动词动作之前时，此时不能用非谓语动词作定语，即不能用having done作定语，必须用定语从句作定语。
如：
The old man, having waited for the bus for half an hour, found he had left his wallet at home.(这句话中的having waited,作的不是定语，而是状语)
The old man, who had waited for the bus for half an hour, found he had left his wallet at home
五． 作定语的非谓语动词和所修饰的名词之间的关系：
to do:只表示动作还没发生，不强调和逻辑主语的主被动关系。
如: I have a lot of things to do.
The years to follow will be very hard.
to be done: 和逻辑主语既是被动的，又表示动作还没发生。
如：The meeting to be held tomorrow will be very important.
doing (及物动词)：和逻辑主语是主动关系
weigh的名词
如：He received a letter saying his mother would come to see him soon.
being done(及物动词)：和逻辑主语既是被动的，又表示动作正在进行
如：The meeting being held now is very important.
done(及物动词)：和逻辑主语既是被动的，又表示动作已经完成。
注：Things lost will never come again.
We finished the work in less than half the time allowed.
注：不及物动词的现在分词作定语：表示动作正在进行；过去分词作定语：只表示动作的完成，不表被动。
如：the developing countries:发展中国家
the developed countries：发达国家
六． 不定式作定语的几种情况及注意事项
a) 当被修饰的名词之前有序数词或形容词最高级并且和所修饰的名词是主动关系时，要用不定式作定语。
如：He is the best person to do the job.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
b) 当被修饰的名词是抽象名词时，要用不定式作定语。
如：Do you have the ability to write in English.
c) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式之后必须有相应的介词。但是如果不定式所修饰的名词是time, place 或way 时，不定式之后的介词习惯上可以省略。
如：I need a room to live in.
I need a pen to write with.
I had money and no place to live( in).
d) 当作定语的不定式和所修饰的名词是被动关系时，不定式既可用主动形式，也可以用被动形式，但表达的含义不同。试比较：
I have a lot of things to do.我有很多事情要做。（我就是to do动作的发出者）
I have a lot of things to be done. 我有很多事情要做。(被别人做，别人是to be done动作的发出者）
七．非谓语动词作定语的一些用法比较：
1.to be done, being done, done 作定语的区别
相同点：和所修饰的名词都是被动关系
不同点：在时间上
.to be done：动作未发生
being done: 动作正在进行
done：动作已完成
如：The meeting to be held tomorrow will be very important
The meeting being held now is very important
The meeting held yesterday was very important.
2. have something to do 和have something to be done 的区别
have something to do：主语有事自己做
have something to be done：主语有事让别人做
如：I have a lot of things to do.我有很多事情要做。（我就是to do动作的发出者）
I have a lot of things to be done. 我有很多事情要做。(被别人做，别人是to be done动作的发出者）
非谓语动词作定语高考题专练
1. The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses _________ vacation to China.
A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid
2. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
3. There have been several new events ________ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
4. There are hundreds of visitors _______ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.
A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait
5. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ________ Chinese in the school, most ________ were from Germany.
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
6. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ________ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
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