王佐良译本对培根《谈读书》中思想性与艺术性的还原与再造
引言：
作为文艺复兴时期重要的散文家和哲学家，弗朗斯科培根在英国文学史上占有重要位置。在他的一系列人生论，如论高位，论美等散文随笔以其独到的视角，流畅的语言为大家熟知。而其中的《谈读书》（《Of studies》）则在学生以及各类学者中得到了广泛共鸣，也深受欢迎。因此选择这篇美文，和最受推崇的王佐良版本翻译，对英语散文的中文翻译进行进一步剖析。
原文：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to
make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study, and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be ready wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are symini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
译文：
谈读书
weigh翻译读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别吃力细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书种所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。
有一技之长鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然读书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书种，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。
书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演算须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。
  培根的随笔显现出了培根在文学上和哲学上的造诣。从思想性来说，这篇《谈读书》，见解独到，分析透彻，引人深思，富含哲理。从文学性来说，这篇随笔文笔紧凑，老练，准确，有力，警句迭出；语言平易流畅，加之以比喻，排比，类比等修辞，自然不失为英国文学史上的一篇佳作。培根在书中说，他的随笔是对世家子弟“社会与道德的劝言”。所以在这片文章中也可以看出一个通晓人情世故的哲学家和政治社会活动家对人生一种坚定的态度，对读书的诛心之论，对世人的谆谆告诫。
  全文以“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.”谈到读书的作用，紧接着又谈到了读书的方法，最后提出读书能够塑造人的性格，弥补人精神上的缺陷，即“So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.”。
  王佐良不仅英语语言造诣很高，而且有这深厚的文学功底，学界普遍认为王佐良的这篇翻译不论是在行文风格上，还是词语精准的挑选上，都堪称of studies 的最佳翻译版本。
文体把握
of studies 是一篇随笔也可以说是一片议论文，文学翻译中，议论文一般词语练达，用词规范严谨，前后有较强的逻辑。这就要求译者：第一能够在通读全文的基础上进一步分析其中的逻辑关系，相应的对词语和概念进行增补和解释；第二，译者在一些抽象词汇的挑选上要格外注意与原文的意思表达的精准匹配。
从第一方面来说，像这样一句话“For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned.”，如果没有上下文解释，一些逻辑关系就很难被发
现，比如expert man 和 those who are learnt,在这里举得例子是两个近乎相反的两种不同的人，但在日常表达中，expert man he those who are learnt 其实是一个比较宽泛的概念，将这两种人对立对比起来考虑就不至于会让读者感到困惑，因此王佐良把他们分别译成“练达之士”和“好学深思者”。“learned”译成好学深思，增补了“深思”这一层内容，但这使得表意更为准确，也符合原作者的用意。既与上文中提到的studies 的一系列作用相呼应，也清晰准确地解释了“for ability” 的原因。还有一例“Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.”这是一句排比，如果不把整句话都放在一起分析，就会不知原作者想要表达什么。实际上，培根在这句中省略了多个makes, 再加上这句本身用词较精炼，含义的理解上需要一定的思考和推敲。王佐良将它译成“读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，论理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辨”，增加了“使人”这样的动词短语，是表意明确。从整体来看，译者也是经过思索从而理顺了各项概念之间的逻辑关系的。

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。