新概念英语第二册lesson15新概念英语第四册Lesson15~19原文及翻译
    新概念英语第四册Lesson15原文及翻译
weigh翻译    Secrecy in industry
    工业中的秘密
    First listen and then answer the following question.
    听录音，然后回答以下问题。
    Why is secrecy particularly important in the chemical industries?
    Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific researchin industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carriedout, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so faras any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged incarrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either inother countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departmentsof the same firm. The
degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably. Some ofthe bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general andfundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep themsecret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought forwith plete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Evenmore processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. Thisapplies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play amuch larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimesthe secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannotbe mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtainingtechnical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to havenames entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents ofother firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to beundertaking.
    J.D. BERNAL The Social Function of Science
    New words and expressions
    secrecy
    n. 秘密
    effectiveness
    n. 成效，效力
    inquiry
    n. 调查研究
    positive
    adj. 确实的
    process
    n. 过程
    patent
    n. 专利;
    v. 得到专利权
    agent
    n. 情报人员
    参考译文
    有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛;二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多
公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。
    新概念英语第四册Lesson16原文及翻译
    The modern city
    现代城市
    What is the author's main argument about the modern city?
    In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory uponthe physiological and mental state of the workers has been pletely neglected.Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowestcost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as muchmoney as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of thehuman beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to theeffects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificialmode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built withno r
egard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely onthe necessity of obtaining the maximum e per square foot of ground, and ofoffering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused theconstruction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings arecrowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy fort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they aredeprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrousedifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, tornby the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly bygreat crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of itsinhabitants.
    ALEXIS CARREL Man, the Unknown
    New words and expressions 生词和短语
    physiological
    adj. 生理的
    maximum
    adj. 限度的
    consideration
    n. 考虑
    descendant
    n. 子孙，后代
    artificial
    n. 人工的
    impose
    v. 强加
    dimension
    n. 直径
    skyscraper
    n. 摩天大楼
    tenant
    n. 租户
    civilized
    adj. 文明的
    banal
    adj. 平庸
    luxury
    n. 豪华
    deprive
    v. 剥夺
    monstrous
    adj. 畸形的
    edifice
    n. 大厦
    toxic
    adj. 有毒的
    ceaselessly
    adv. 不停地
    throng
    v. 挤满，壅塞
    参考译文
    在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本获取最多产品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。大城市的建设毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起，大厦内众多的人挤地一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍，络绎不绝的人挤来挤去。显然，现代化的城市不是这居民的利益而规划的。

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