一 、 基本句型
句型
例句
1.S + Vi(主语+不及物动词)
1）S + Vi             
2) S + Vi + Adv(状语)   
3) S + Vi+(介词短语）
4) S + Vi+（不定式）   
5) S + Vi +（分词）     
1.time flies .
2.Birds sing beautifully .
3.They went on holiday .
4.We stopped to have a rest
5.She’ll go swimming
2.S + Vt + O(主语+及物动词+宾语)
1) S + Vt + N./Pron.(名/代) 
2) S + Vt +（不定式）     
3) S + Vt +（不定式短语） 
4) S + Vt +（动名词）     
5) S + Vt +（ 从句）        .
1. We like English .
2. She wants to help him .
3. I don’t know what to do .
4. They enjoy living here .
5. I like （that）he is right .
3.S+Lv+P(主语+系动词+表语)
1）S + Lv + N./Pron.(名词/代词) 
2）S + Lv + adj(形容词)   
3）S + Lv + adv（副词）   
4）S + Lv +（介词短语）
5）S + Lv +（分词）     
1. The compass is mine .
2. The secretary is efficient .
3. The power is off .
4. He looks in good health .he gets excited .
5. The experiment is interesting .
4.S + Vt + IO + DO (主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)
1）S  + Vt + N./Pron.(名词/代词)+ N.
2)S + Vt + N./Pron.(名词/代词)+to/for-phrase
1. I sent him a fax .(I sent him fax to him )
2. I bought Mary a book .(I bought a book for Mary )
5.S + Vt + O + Co (主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补)
1）S + Vt + N./Pron.+ adj
2）S + Vt + N./Pron.+ （介短）
3) S + Vt + N./Pron.+ （不定式）
4) S + Vt + N./Pron.+ （分词）
5) S + Vt +N./Pron.+ （不定式短语）
6）S + Vt + N./Pron.+ （从句）
1. Do I make myself clear?
2. She always keeps everything in good order .
3. We want you to go there .
4. We want you to go there .
5. 5.The supervisor shows me what to do next .
6. Tom told me that the film was great

注；
1、英语句子成分；主语S;谓语动词V;(系动词Lv）；补语C（主补Cs，宾补Co）；宾语O（直宾Do，间宾Io）和表语P .
2、冠词修饰和限定名词：a book ,an apple ,the president
3、副词修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
I speak English loudly .修饰动词
She is really pretty.修饰形容词
What happened ? The father asked ,rather slowly.修饰副词
Fortunately ,no one was hurt.修饰整个句子
4、介词后接名词或动名词：in the morning ,look forward to visiting your city
5、不少单词不仅仅属于一个词类，在不同的语言环境下可体现不同的词义。
  例如；1）would you like to take a walk(名词)?
        2）I usually walk(动词) to school.
二、时态
注；
1、 表示状态或感官的动词一般不用进行时，这些词包括：believe ,like ,doubt , seem ,look ,consider ,think ,known ,understand ,mind ,have ,require , possess ,sound ,see ,taste ,hear ,feel等。
2、 常与现在完成时连用的副词或时间状语主要有：already ,yet ,ever ,never ,lately ,just ,seldom ,since ,for ,once ,twice ,these days 等。
3、 用现在进行时表示将来的动词主要有：go ,come ,leave ,start ,arrive ,return ,stay 等。
4、 如果主句中的谓语动词使用过去时，从句的谓语动词一般也要用过去时间的某一时态来呼应。

时间    动作
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
Do/does
Am/Are/is  doing
Have/Has  done
Have/Has been doing
过去
did
Was/Were  doing
Had done
Had been doing
将来
Shall/Will  加
do
Be doing
Have done
Have been doing
过去将来
Should/Would加
do
be doing
have done
have been doin
5、 区别
一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时表示一般行为或不断重复发生为：I watch TV every day .
现在进行时表示现在正在发生的行为：I’M watching television now .
表示感觉、情感、存在等动词，一般不用现在进行时，而用一般现在时。这些词包括： like , seem ,look ,see，hear ,feel，love等
某些转移性动词或瞬间动词，如：come ，go ,leave ,meet ,get等，可以用现在进行时表将来：The train is arriving soon .
一般过去时与现在完成时
(1)一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在无联系，常与表示过去的时间连用：I had supper an hour ago .
(2)现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响或产生结果，常与today\just\since\for\ever等词连用：I have just had supper.(刚吃完晚饭，不饿)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
现在完成时表示已完成的动作。
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续或断断续续重复到现在。动作是否继续进行下去，由上下文而定：what have you been doing
all this time ? you’ve been saying that for five years .
Will 与 be going to
Be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will表示的将来时间则较远些：
1、he is going to write a letter tonight .
2、he will write a book one day .
Be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示的客观上肯定发生的事情：
1、he is seriously ill and is going to die .
2、he will be twenty next month .
Be going to含有“计划、准备”的意思，will没有这个意思：
1、she is going to sell her car .
2、he will come if he has time .
三、被动语态
weigh的各种形式
Be的各种形式
及物动词的过去分词
一般
进行
完成
      done
现在
Am/Are/is
Am/Are/is being
Have/Has been
过去
Was/were
Was/were being
Had been
将来
Shall/will be
无
Shall/will have been
过去将来
Should/would be
无
Should/would have been

注；
1、 Make ,let ,have ,help ,hear ,watch ,see ,feel，notice等动词的被动式后跟 to do .例；he was made to pay the bills .
2、 某些常用的动词和动词短语无被动语态，如;suit ,fit ,join ,last ,cost ,lack ,break out ,belong to ,agree with 等。
3、 某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如；wash ,clean ,sell ,wear ,cook ,weigh ,taste等。例；this kind of cloth washed very well .
4、 Want ,need ,require和be worth后跟v -ing形式表被动。例；the room needs cleaning .
四、 主谓一致
注；（就近原则）
1、 当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例；there is a rubber ,a knife and two rulers on my desk .
2、 当either····or \neither……nor或not only …bht also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近
的主语保持一致。例；Either or she is going to the party .

五、名词性从句
分类
功能
引导词
例句
主语从句
在复合句中作主语
that/whether/ifwhat/who/which/whatever/whoever/how/when/where/why等（that在句中无词义，只起连接作用。）
1、 what he is going to do isn’t decied.
2、 Whether the test will succeed or not is hard to say.
3、 It is unknown why he declined the invitation.
宾语从句
在复合句中作宾语
that/whether/ifwhat/who/which/whatever/whoever/how/when/where/why等（that在句中不作任何成分，且常被省去。）
1、 he has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
2、 The driver asked me where I wanted to go.
3、 I wonder whether he will come or not.
表语从句
在复合句中作表语
that/whether/ifwhat/who/which/whatever/whoever/how/when/where/why等（that在句中仅起连接作用，但不可省去。）
1、 it looks as if it is going to rain.
2、 The fact is that we have lost the client.
3、 This is where our problem lies.
同位语语从句
在复合句中作同位语
通常由that引导，常用于同谓语从句的名词有advice/demand/doubt/fact/hope/idea/wish/information/message/news/order等。
1、 the news that we won the game is exciting.
2、 I have no idea that he will come.
3、 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
六、定语从句
1、 定语从句的引导词
引导词
语法成分
指人
指物
指人或物
关系代词
主语
Who
Which
That
宾语
Who/whom
Which
That
定语
Whose
Whose
/
关系副词
状语
时间
地点
原因
When
Where(in/at/on/which)
Why
2、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1) 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，缺少限制性定语从句会使整个句子意义不完整或含糊不清。
例；that is the factory that we want to visit .
2) 非限制性定语从句往往用豆号与主句分开，是对先行词的补充说明，即去掉也不影响整个句子意思的完整性。
例；the message was left by Mr.Johnson ,who was here a moment ago .
3) 介词 + 关系词：介词后面的关系词不能省略，that前不能有介词。
4）只能用that而不用which作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
  A\先行词前有序数词或形容词最高时；
B\不定代词作先行词；先行词有the only\the very\the one修饰时；先行词即指人又指物
七、状语从句
名称
常用连接词
特殊连接词
时间状语从句
while/before/after/since/till/until/When/as soon as /as
hardly···when/scarcely···when /every time/The minute/the moment/ No sooner···than.
地点状语从句
Where
Wherever/anywhere/everywhere
原因状语从句
Because/since/as
（Seeing 、now、in、considering、given）+ that
目的状语从句
So that/in order that
Lest/in case/(for fear/in the hope/to the end) + that
结果状语从句
So···that/such···that
(such/to the degree/to the extent/to such a degree)+ that
条件状语从句
If/unless
Providing、(provided/in case/on condition)+ that 、As、 only if、as/so long as。
让步状语从句
Though/although/even if/even though
As(倒装用法)、while（一般用于句首）、no matter、whatever、whoever、wherever、whenever、however、whichever
比较状语从句
As/than
The more··the more、no···more than、A not so much as B、just as
方式状语从句
As/as if/how
The way

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