主动形式表被动含义
1. feel, taste, sound, smell, look等感官动词和keep, remain, stay, seem, appear, prove等表示状态的系动词后接形容词/名词/介词短语或“to be + 形容词(名词)”作表语时,这些动词常常以主动形式表示被动含义，此时句子的主语是被感知或描述的对象。例如:
  Silk feels very soft. 丝绸摸上去很柔软
  What you said sounded a bit reasonable. 你说的听起来有点道理
  The little baby looks like a small cat. 这婴儿看上去像只小猫
  My room keeps clean all the time. 我的房间一直(被)保持得很干净
  Einstein’s theory later proved (to be) true. 爱因斯坦的理论后来(被)证明是正确的
  2. wash, write, wear, sell, read, dry, clean, run, open等动词作谓语时，常可用主动形式表示被动含义，注意:这类动词往往与easily, well, badly, smoothly等副词连用，表示主语的属性特征。例如:
  This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布很好洗。
  Food of this kind sells well. 这种食品很好卖。
Nylon cleans easily 尼龙容易洗干净。
The coat dries easily 这种外衣容易干。
  3. take place, happen, hang, measure, weigh等描述状态的不及物动词和短语动词可以用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
  Great changes have taken place in our school in the last 5 years.
过去5年里我们学校发生了巨大的变化。
  The hen weighs 3 kg. 这只母鸡3公斤重。
  His family photo hangs highly between the two windows.
他的全家福(照片)高高地(被)挂在两个窗户之间。
  4. 与can’t/won’t/hardly/never等连用的不及物动词,如open, shut, move, lock等,常可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
  The door won’t open. 这门就是不能(被)打开。
  The glass never moves! 这个杯子永远都不能动。
  5. wear, blow, fly等一些不及物动词用于“主语 + 谓语 + (to be) + 形容词”结构中时,可用主动形式表示被动含义。例如:
  The trousers have worn old. 裤子已经穿旧了。
  The window blew open. 窗户被吹开了。
  6. need, require, want等表示“需要”意义的动词,后接动词的-ing的主动形式往往表示被动含义。例如:
  The paper can’t come out, because it needs improving.
这篇论文不能发表,因为它还需要修改。
  The old building requires painting again. 这栋老房子需要再粉刷一遍。
  注意:前面两句也可以改为：
  The paper can’t come out, because it needs to be improved.
  The old building requires to be painted again.
  7. 用“be (well) worth/deserve + doing”结构也可以表示被动含义。例如:
  误: His idea is very worth considering. 他的想法值得考虑。
  正: The film Hero is well worth seeing a second time. 电影《英雄》很值得再看一遍
The place deserves a visit/visiting/to be visited.
  8. 当动词不定式作定语且与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，其逻辑主语是句子的主语或间接宾语时，用该不定式的主动形式常常可以表示被动含义。（不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。）例如:
  I have a lot of problems to settle at present. 目前我有许多问题需要解决
  Do you have anything else to say 你还有什么要说的
Tom is looking for a room to live in. Tom在一间住的房间。
（与room有动宾关系，与Tom 有主谓关系）
He has a family to support. 他要维持一个家庭。
（与family有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）
  Have you got any clothes to wash today 今天你有什么衣服要洗吗(指被问的人洗衣服)
比较：Have you got any clothes to be washed today
你今天有什么衣服要洗吗(指问话的人洗衣服)
  注意:在“there be ...”句式中,如果动词不定式前没有明确的逻辑主语时,不定式用主动形式或被动形式均可,如果有逻辑主语,则用不定式的主动形式例如:
  有五封信等着回复
  There are five letters to answer/to be answered.
  (也可译为: There are five letters for me to answer.)
  9. difficult, easy, important, comfortable, convenient, dangerous, hard, cheap，expensive等形容词（表示难易、利弊等含义）作表语或宾语补足语时，动词不定式在其后作状语，并与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，应用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。结构：主语+系动词+形容词 + 不定式； 动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。例如:
  I find that his books are always difficult to understand. 我发现他的书总是很难理解。
  My brother is easy to deal with. 我兄弟很容易相处。
  The math problem is not easy to work out. 这道数学题不易解出。
The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。
I found the car comfortable to ride in. 我觉得这种车很好坐。
  10. 主语是much, a great deal, little, what等，其表语如是不定式，则用不定式的主动表被动。
What is to do   做什么
Much is to do.   太多要做的事。
11. 一些固定句式中的主动形式常表示被动含义。例如：
  Who is to blame for the accident 谁该为这起事故负责
You are to blame for the accident. 你应为这事受动责备。
The house is to let.此房出租。
A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。
  12. 一些“介词 + 名词”构成的介词短语表示被动含义。例如：
  Class Three is in the charge of Mr Chen. 三班由陈老师负责
  The building is in the possession of Tom. 这栋楼是汤姆的
  The plan is under discussion at the meeting. 计划正在会上讨论
  Don’t worry——everything is under control. 别着急,一切都在掌握之中
 
 
巩固练习: 
  1. It is Tom who was _____ for the incident.
    A. to blame         B. blaming         C. blamed         D. to be blaming
  2. There were three e-mails for the secretary_____.
    A. to be replied         B. to reply to         C. to reply         D. to be replied to
  3. On the wall _____two large portraits.
    A. hangs             B. hang             C. is hanged         D. hanged
  4. The house facing the river _____ him.
    A. is in possession of                 B. is possession of
    C. is in the possession of                     D. is in the possession by
  5. The old man is easy_____.
    A. to get along                         B. to get along with
    C. to be got along                     D. to be got along with
  6. —Have you moved in the new house
    —No. It needs_____
    A. cleaned             B. cleaning         C. to clean         D. being cleaned
  7. This kind of cloth_____well but_____short.
    A. is washed; lasts                     B. washes; is lasted
    C. washes; lasts                         D. is washed; is lasted
  8. In summer fresh meat usually_____long.
    A. can’t be kept         B. can’t keep         C. isn’t kept         D. isn’t keeping
  9. The question that the teacher raised was difficult for me_____.
    A. to answer         B. to be answered     C. to be answering     D. answer
  10. What my mother said_____to be true in the end.
    A. proved             B. proving         C. is proved         D. to be proved
  11. The book is not interesting enough_____.
      A. to be publishing     B. to publish weigh的各种形式        C. publish         D. published
  12. The old woman requires patiently.
    A. to take care of                     B. to be taken care of
C. being taken care of                 D. being taken care
  13. I can’t go with you, because I have a lot of things_____.
    A. to settle             B. settling         C. to be settled     D. settled
  14. Don’t be worried. Your problems are_____.
    A. in discussion                         B. under discussion
    C. in the discussion                     D. under the discussion
  15. This museum is_____twice.
    A. very worth being visited             B. well worth being visited
    C. very worth visiting                 D. well worth visiting
  16. I learned yesterday that all these kind of problems are_____Mr Smith.
    A. in charge            B. in charge of     C. in a charge of     D. in the charge of
 
Key: 1-5 ABBCB    6-10 BCBAA        11-16 BBABD

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