中国水稻科学(Chin J Rice Sci), 2019, 33(5): 447-456
www.ricesci 447 DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2019.9021
不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插杂交稻的产量及光合特性的影响
王海月1, 2 张桥1武云霞1严奉君1 郭长春1 孙永健1,*徐徽1 杨志远1马均1,*
(1四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川温江611130;2四川省泸州市泸县农业农村局,四川泸县646100;E-mail: yongjians1980@163;majunp2002@163)
Effects of Reduced Urea Application on Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mechanically-transplanted Rice Under Different Planting Spaces
WANG Haiyue1, 2, ZHANG Qiao1, WU Yunxia1, Y AN Fengjun1, GUO Changchun1, SUN Yongjian1,*, XU Hui1, YANG Zhiyuan1, MA Jun1,*
(1Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China;2Luxian County Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, Luxian 646100, China; *Corresponding author, E-mail: yongjians1980@163;majunp2002@163)
Abstract: 【Objective】Our aim is to elucidate the effects of reduced urea application combined with slow-release urea on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of rice and to lay a theoretical basis for the application of mechanical transplanting. 【Method】A split-plot design was set with 16, 18 and 20 cm plant spacing at 30 cm row spacing and four reduced urea application levels combined with slow-release urea (96 kg/hm2 of slow-release urea combined with 24 kg /hm2 of conventional urea as basal fertilizer with no top-dressing; 96 kg/hm2 of slow-release urea as basal fertilizer and
24 kg/hm2of conventional fertilizer as top-dressing; 96 kg/hm2of slow-release urea combined with 54 kg/hm2of
conventional urea as basal fertilizer with no top-dressing; and 96 kg/hm2 of slow-release urea combined with 30 kg/hm2 of conventional urea as basal fertilizer and 24 kg/hm2 of conventional urea as top-dressing) and Chuanguyou 7329 was used as material.【Result】The plant spacing and reduced urea application level combined with slow-release urea showed significant or extreme significant regulating effect on leaf area index(LAI), photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of mechanically transplanted rice in the main growing stages. The reduced urea application level combined with slow-release urea patterns played a more significant effect than the plant spacing. LAI, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, net photosynthetic rate and grain yield showe
d an increasing trend with the increase of conventional urea level combined with slow-release urea and the increase of postponed conventional urea application level under three plant spacing. At the plant space of 16 cm, the number of stem and tiller of the population increased significantly, resulting in more effective panicles, stronger competition for nutrients, weaker photosynthetic characteristics, and failure to form large panicles, although the seed setting rate was high, the grain number per panicle was low and the yield was low; Under 20 cm plant spacing, the plant density and the total number of tillers was significantly decreased, however, the lower panicle number resulted in the enhanced nutrition absorption, improved photosynthetic capability, large spike formation and increased grain number per panicle. Given the relatively low 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate, the grain yield was decreased; Under the plant spacing of 18 cm, more effective panicles were formed on the basis of sufficient tiller number of the population, which could effectively absorb nutrients in the later stage, with enhanced photosynthetic characteristics, significantly increased seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, the correlation analysis showed that the population growth rate, photosynthetic potential and effective leaf area index at full heading stage had higher correlation with yield under reduced urea level combined with slow-release urea application and plant spacing.
【Conclusion】The treatment of 18 cm of plant spacing with 30 cm of row spacing at 96 kg/hm2 of slo
w-release urea combined with 30 kg/hm2 of conventional urea as basal fertilizer and 24 kg/hm2 of conventional urea as top-dressing at 4-leaf
448 中国水稻科学(Chin J Rice Sci) 第33卷第5期(2019年9月)
stage, it could give full play to the high yield advantage of the machine-planted indica hybrid rice in this region and improve the photosynthetic material production, with the yield up to 11 681.56 kg/hm2 was the best nitrogen application method for high yield in mechanically-transplanted rice.
Key words: mechanically-transplanted rice; plant spacing; yield; N fertilizer allocation and application; photosynthetic characteristic
摘要:【目的】研究不同机插株距下缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施在水稻关键生育时期的运筹方式,为水稻机插秧配套技术的应用提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以中迟熟杂交籼稻川谷优7329为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,在机插行距均为30 cm下,设株距16 cm、18 cm、20 cm;并设4种缓释氮肥与常规氮肥运筹模式:1)基肥为96 kg/hm2缓释氮肥和24 kg/hm2常规氮肥,不施追肥;2)基肥施96 kg/hm2缓释氮肥,追肥施24 kg/hm2常规氮肥;3)基肥施96 kg/hm2缓释氮肥和54 kg/hm2常规氮肥,不施追肥;
4)基肥为96 kg/hm2缓释氮肥和24 kg/hm2常规氮肥,追肥为30 kg/hm2常规氮肥;以不施氮肥为对照。【结果】缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹和株距对机插杂交籼稻叶面积指数(LAI)、拔节-齐穗期光合势及产量的影响均达显著或极显著水平,且缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹的效应明显高于机插株距。3种株距下,随缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施量及常规氮肥后移量的增加,机插杂交籼稻的LAI、拔节-齐穗期光合势、干物质积累量、净光合速率及产量均呈增加的趋势。株距为16 cm 时,体茎蘖数显著增大,形成的有效穗多,对养分的竞争性增强,光合特性减弱,未能形成大穗,虽然结实率高但每穗粒数较少,产量较低;株距为20 cm,由于密度降低,体茎蘖数显著减少,形成的有效穗少,后期对养分的吸收充足,光合特性增强,形成了足够的大穗,每穗实粒数显著增加,但结实率和千粒重较小,因此未能高产;而株距为18 cm时,在足够体茎蘖数的基础上形成的有效穗较多,后期能有效吸收养分,光合特性增强,结实率和千粒重显著增大。相关分析表明,缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹和株距下,尤以齐穗-成熟期体生长率、拔节-齐穗期光合势和齐穗期有效叶面积指数与产量相关性较高。【结论】株距为18 cm,96 kg/hm2缓释氮肥和24 kg/hm2常规氮肥作为基肥施用,30 kg/hm2常规氮肥作为追肥在倒4叶期施用,能充分发挥本区域机插杂交籼稻的高产优势,提高光合物质生产,产量最高可达11 681.56 kg/hm2。
关键词:机插稻;株距;产量;氮肥配施运筹;光合物质生产
中图分类号:S143.1; S511.048 文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-7216(2019)05-0447-10
氮肥和栽插密度是影响水稻增产的重要因素[1-4]。采用高密度栽培措施是当前进一步提高水稻产量的主要途径。然而,在水稻生产过程中,种植密度过大容易造成体内部资源分配不合理,增加病虫害和倒伏风险[5],导致增密不增产甚至减产等严重后果。氮肥是水稻生产中的重要生产资料,为了获得高产,过量滥施氮肥不仅导致氮肥利用率降低,还会加重环境污染和资源浪费[6]。因此,制定合理的栽培措施,对实现水稻高产、优质、高效至关重要。前人研究认为[7-10],缓释氮肥作为一种新型肥料在水稻增产效应、减少环境污染及提高氮肥利用率等方面具有重要作用,而缓释氮肥生产成本高、经济投入大,因此,缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施在水稻生产上的应用成为当前的研究热点。大量研究表明[11-14],增加种植密度,可以提高光、温资源的利用率,依靠体发挥增产潜力,但当密度过大时,反而增加了体内部个体对光、水、肥的竞争力,导致单株地上部分干物质积累量减小,抗病虫害及抗倒伏能力减弱,个体产量下降,从而降低体产量。关于密度和氮肥运筹[1,15-17]及缓释氮肥[10,18-20]对杂交籼稻体结构、光合物质生产、株型及抗倒伏能力的研究较多,而缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施和密度对机插杂交籼稻上的研究较少,适度增加机插密度和减少缓释氮肥用量优化配施运筹模式对机插稻的生长发育及产量形成的调控效应,以及两因素之间是否存在互作效应仍未见报道。我们在前期研究的基础上,通过对缓释氮肥的筛选[7]、不同施氮量下缓释氮肥配施比例试验[20]及结合不同的机插株距进行适量缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施试验[21]进一步研究表明,株距和缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施对机插杂交籼稻成熟期体干物质量、叶面积指数、拔节-齐穗期光合势及产量影响均达显著或极显著水平,但在确定缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施量及适宜的机插株距后,如何结合机插株距进行缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹,调控
机插稻主要生育时期干物质积累、光合生产及产量间的关系尚不明确。为此,本研究通过机插密度的调控减氮效应,结合缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹模式,在提高体数量的同时合理降低常规氮肥施用量,并进一步阐明缓释氮肥与常规氮肥减量配施运筹和机插株距对水稻产量及光合物质生产特征的影响,以达到增加机插稻产量、提高氮肥利用率、减少成本
王海月等:不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插杂交稻的产量及光合特性的影响449
的目的,也为我国西南稻区机械化育插秧配套技术提供理论和实践依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1试验材料
供试品种为适宜西南稻区种植且具有代表性的中迟熟杂交籼稻川谷优7329(生育期156~165 d)。肥料选用金正大树脂包膜缓释氮肥(含氮量44%)、尿素(含氮量46%)、过磷酸钙和氯化钾。试验田耕层(0−20 cm)土壤质地为砂壤土,有机质23.8 g/kg,全氮1.71 g/kg,碱解氮113.0 mg/kg,速效磷65.1 mg/ kg,速效钾108.9 mg/kg。采用钵体毯状秧盘(中国水稻研究所)旱育秧,久保田NSPU-68CM插秧机插秧。
1.2试验设计与实施
在2016年研究报道的不同株距和缓释氮肥减量配施试验基础上[21],于2017年在四川省成都市四川农业大学水稻研究所试验农场进一步完善和深入,设株距(D)和氮肥减量配施运筹(N)二因素裂区试验。其中,主区在机插行距均为30 cm的基础上,设3种机插株距,分别为16 cm(D1)、18 cm(D2)和20 cm(D3);副区在缓释氮肥保持96 kg/hm2不变的前提下,设置4种常规氮肥减量与缓释氮肥配施运筹模式和不施氮肥处理(表1)。
4月7日播种,湿润旱育秧,每盘播量75 g(干种子),5月3日机插。磷肥用量(折合P2O5)75 kg /hm2,钾肥施用量(折合K2O) 150 kg/hm2,且磷钾肥均作基肥于机插后1 d一次性施入。田间小区计产面积为19.60 m2,3次重复,各小区间筑埂,并用塑料薄膜覆埂,以防肥水互渗,其他田间管理同当地大面积生产田。此外,本研究是在2016年试验基础上设置的,两年试验并未完全重复,但同一缓释氮肥与常规氮肥配施运筹处理下,产量及各生育时期养分吸收利用年份间差异均未达显著水平,因此,本研究就2017年试验结果进行分析。
1.3测定项目与方法weight的搭配
1.3.1 分蘖动态
各小区定点20穴稻株,返青后(机插后7 d)每隔7 d调查1次茎蘖数直至齐穗期。
1.3.2 干物质积累
分别于分蘖盛期、拔节期、齐穗期及成熟期每小区按平均茎蘖数取代表性植株5穴,分茎鞘、叶片和穗3部分,置于烘箱105℃下杀青30 min,80℃下烘至恒重后,测定干物质量。
1.3.3 叶面积
分别在分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗期,用美国生产的CID-203叶面积仪测定绿叶面积,计算叶面积指数及高效叶面积率,其中高效叶面积为有效茎蘖上3叶总叶面积。高效叶面积率(%)=有效茎蘖上3叶总叶面积/有效茎蘖总叶面积。
1.3.4 体生长率及光合势
计算拔节至齐穗期体生长率及光合势。光合势(×104 m2 d/hm2)=1/2(L1+L2)×(t2-t1),式中L1、L2分别为拔节及齐穗期测定的叶面积,t1、t2分别为拔节及齐穗期测定的时间。
1.3.5 光合特征参数
于齐穗期、齐穗期后15 d、齐穗期后30 d分别用美国生产的Li-6400便携式光合仪测定剑叶净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)和胞间二氧化碳浓度(C i),并计算表观叶肉导度(AMC)。
1.3.6 考种与计产
收获时各小区调查具有代表性稻株60穴,计数有效穗数并计算平均值,分别取代表性稻株5穴,考查每穗粒数、结实率及千粒重等性状,各小区按实收穴数计产。
1.4数据计算与统计分析
用Microsoft Excel、Origin 9.0及DPS 6.5处理
450 中国水稻科学(Chin J Rice Sci) 第33卷第5期(2019年9月)
系统分析数据及绘图。
2 结果与分析
2.1不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插稻产量及其构成因素的影响
由表2可见,机插株距仅对结实率和产量的影响达极显著水平;除千粒重外,常规氮肥减量配施运筹对有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率及产量的影响均达极显著水平;而常规氮肥减量配施和株距的互作效应仅对千粒重的影响达极显著水平。从整体来看,不同的机插株距下,有效穗数和结实率均随机插株距的增加而降低,而每穗粒数则相反,千粒重和产量表现为D2>D1>D3,且株距为D2的千粒重和产量较D1、D3分别高出0.91%、2.21%和4.60%、5.27%。3种机插株距下,产量随常规氮肥配施量的增加及同一施氮量下施肥次数的增加而增加,且各处理差异显著,株距为D1下,N4处理可节省氮肥从而提高氮肥利用率,达到高产节本增效的效果,其高产高效的获得主要是由于有效穗数和每穗粒数优势显著;株距为D2和D3下,产量均表现为N4>N3>N2>N1>N0,其高产高效的获得主要是由于在有效穗数及每穗粒数优势显著的基础上,保证了较高的结实率及千粒重。
2.2不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插稻分蘖动态的影响
由图1可见,同时期水稻体茎蘖数均表现为D1>D2>D3;3种机插株距下分蘖盛期均出现在机插后28 d,且在机插后35 d各常规氮肥减量配施运筹处理的茎蘖数均达到最大,D1N4的茎蘖数较D2N4、D3N4分别高7.67%、12.71%。D1处理下,N3、N4的茎蘖数显著高于N1、N2,且各常规氮肥减量配施运筹的茎蘖数显著高于N0处理;株距为D2时,N3与N4及N1与N2在机插后35 d之前茎蘖数差异不显著,随
后茎蘖数差异显著增大,且机插72 d后茎蘖数减小速度明显变小;株距为D3时,各常规氮肥减量配施运筹处理间茎蘖数整体上差
王海月等:不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插杂交稻的产量及光合特性的影响 451
异不显著,且于机插后63 d 茎蘖数变化趋于平缓。 2.3 不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插稻光合生产的影响
由表3可见,从机插株距来看,拔节及齐穗期LAI 、齐穗期高效LAI 及拔节-齐穗期光合势均表现为D 2>D 1>D 3,而齐穗期高效叶面积率则在株距为16 cm 处理时最大,且株距16 cm 处理较18 cm 、20 cm 处理分别高1.90%、1.13%。从常规氮肥减量配施运筹来看,3种株距下拔节期LAI 均表现为N 3>N 4>
N 1>N 2>N 0;而齐穗期LAI 、齐穗期高效LAI 及拔节-齐穗期光合势均表现为N 4>N 3>N 2>N 1>N 0。
2.4 不同株距下氮肥减量配施运筹对机插稻光合特性的影响
由表4可看出,常规氮肥减量配施运筹对机插稻剑叶净光合速率(P n )、气孔导度(G s )、齐穗后
15 d
图1 常规氮肥减量配施与株距对机插稻分蘖动态的影响
Fig. 1. Effects of reduced urea application combined with slow-release nitrogen on the dynamic changes of number of stems
and tillers in mechanically-transplanted rice under different plant spacing.
表3 常规氮肥减量配施与株距对机插稻光合物质生产的影响
Table 3. Effects of reduced urea application combined with slow-release urea on photosynthetic production in mechanically-
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