现在分词和过去分词的用法区别
（一）分词的作用
·现在分词可用于：
·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.
·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. Falling leaves danced in the air.
·I saw many birds flying along the river.
·The story is very moving.
·过去分词可用于：
·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. a boy named Tom
·I saw the girl killed with my own eyes.
·I’m interested in English.
（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别
1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提
1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。
Wrong: Girls frighten snakes.
Right: Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.
牢记: tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest, frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat, puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使……”之义。
2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。
分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。
分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的, 而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其
逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。
（1）作状语时
Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up.
the students是seeing的逻辑主语
Heated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的逻辑主语
结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（2）作宾补时
I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语
His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的逻辑主语
结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
（3）作表语时
The film is moving. the film是 moving的逻辑主语
The visitors looked surprised.
the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语
结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（4）作定语时
This is an interesting book. book是 interesting的逻辑主语
The moved children looked serious.
children是 moved的逻辑主语
结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。
（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）
With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air.
the task是 completed的逻辑主语
It being Sunday, they had no classes. it 是being的逻辑主语
结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
附表2：分词的逻辑主语一览表
分词所作成分 | 分词的逻辑主语 |
状语 | 主语 |
表语 | |
宾补 | 宾语 |
定语 | 被修饰词 |
复合结构 | 复合结构中的逻辑主语 |
（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤
（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分
（2）准逻辑主语
（3）判断主、被动关系
（4）选定现在或过去分词
1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。
2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played
C. first played D. to be playing
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。
3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
（四）分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The news sounds ____.
A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage
简析：根据语法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ；The news 对于动词 encourage weigh的用法来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?
—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please
简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. —How did the audience receive the new play?
—They got very ____.
A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
（五）分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
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