高中英语动词的时态语态详解
在英语中，句子不仅有时间状语说明动作发生的时间，其谓语动词本身也有形式的变化来指示时间，这种表明谓语动词发生时间的动词形式称为时态。语态是表现主语和谓语关系的另一种动词形式。
一 动词的时态
一般说来，发生在现在的事情用现在的时态进行描述；发生在过去的事情用过去的时态进行描述；将要发生的事情用将来的时态进行描述。英语中的时态共计16种，但常用的有11种。(以动词do 为例)
1．一般现在时（do/does)；
2．一般过去时(did)；
3．一般将来时( will do/ shall do）；
4．一般过去将来时( would do/should do)；
5．现在进行时( am/is/are doing)；
6．过去进行时(was/were doing)；
7．将来进行时( will/shall be doing)；
8．现在完成时(have/has done)；
9．过去完成时( had done)；
10．将来完成时( will/shall have done)；
11．现在完成进行时( have/has been doing)；
1.一般现在时
（1）一般现在时是描述现在或经常性的性质、动作或状态的时态
常用时间状语：sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom，every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night
（2）表示经常发生的动作,习惯性的动作或存在的状态
I usually get up at four every morning when it’s still dark.
He always goes to work late,which makes his boss angry and disappointed.
（3）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实及自然现象
　The sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day.
　The man who has never been to the Great Wall is not a real man.
Trees turn green in spring.        Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough.
（4）表示格言或警句中
  Pride goes before a fall.      Knowledge is power．    Practice makes perfect.     
（5）一般现在时表将来
表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排，并且一定要做的事情。用于这种句型的动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。
The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight.
Our class begins at 7:45.    The shop opens at eight o’clock.
（6）在状语从句中表示将来
时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时，用一般现在时表示将来。Whatever the weather is like tomorrow,our ship will set sail for Macao.
When he gets here, the work will be finished.
Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided.
2.一般过去时
（1）表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态
常用时间状语：last year, yesterday,just now,at that moment,a few days ago,in the past,etc.
Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.
She looked very well when I last saw her.
（2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作
可以和“often，always，once a week”等表示频度的时间状语连用。
When I was in the countryside, I often walked by the riverside.
She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.
3.一般将来时
（1）一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态常常和表示将来的时间状语连用:tomorrow,next week,in the future,etc.
will/shall + 动词原形
（2）表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态，will用于各种人称,shall只用于第一人称,但现代英语中二者常通用。
I will / shall go to visit him next week.
It’ll soon be Christmas and the New Year.
  He’ll lose the job if he doesn’t work hard.
（3）其他表示将来的形式
A. be going to do
a. 在说之前已经决定或安排在未来要做的事情。
    What are you going to do tomorrow?
How are you going to spend your holidays?
b. 表示说话者根据现在的现象或者征兆预测不久即将发生的事情。
Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm.
There’s going to be a lot of trouble about this.
B.be to do
表示按照计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事情或即将发生的动作。
  We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
The engineer is to visit our factory next week.
C. be about to do
表示客观上马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。
Don’t go out.We’re about to have dinner.
The new school year is about to begin.
Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.
4.现在进行时
（1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态
常用时间状语：now,right now,at this moment,at present,etc.
We are making preparations for the conference.
Now watch carefully and see what is happening in the experiment.
Today is my first day at Senior High school and I’m writing down my thoughts about it.
（2）表示现阶段正在进行，但此时此刻不一定正在进行的动作
常用时间状语：these days,this month,this term,this week，etc.
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
George is working on a new book about stories in schools.
Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing.People are phoning to ask how I am going to spend the money.
（3）系表结构用进行时表示渐变
常用系动词：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin,etc.
The leaves are turning red.    It`s getting warmer and warmer.
（4）与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观彩。
You are always changing your mind.
Why are you always coming late for work?You are close to being suspended.
（5）有些瞬间动词用于进行时态，往往表示“即将......”常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用，常用的这类动词有：come,go,leave,start,begin,stop,arrive,stay,return,etc.
  Let’s hurry up.It’s beginning to rain.
I’m taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.
weigh的用法
（6）不用进行时的动词
A.表示事实状态的动词，例如have, keep,stay,belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。

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