名称 | 形式 | 意义 | 例句 |
一般式 | doing | 与其逻辑主语构成主动关系；与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生 | The professor came in, following the headmaster．教授跟着校长进来了。 |
现在分词的被动形式 | being done | 强调被动的动作在进行或与谓语动词的动作同时发生 | The question being discussed is very important. 现在正讨论的问题很重要。 |
现在分词的完成式 | having done | 分词所表示的动作发生在谓语之前 | Having studied the map，I know which way to go．仔细看完地图后，我知道该走哪条路了。 |
现在分词的完成被动式 | having been done | 分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；分词与其逻辑主语构成被动关系 | Having been scolded many times by the boss，he decided to leave．被老板责骂很多次后，他决定离开。 |
现在分词用法与高考题练习
一、现在分词的各种形式及意义
二、现在分词的句法功能
1．作定语
单个的现在分词充当前置定语，分词短语充当后置定语。但是，完成式的现在分词不能用作定语。
The swimming boy is my elder brother．正在游泳的男孩是我的哥哥。
Tell the boys playing over there not to make any noise．告诉那边正在玩的男孩们不要制造噪。
2．作表语
现在分词作表语，用来说明主语的性质和特征，相当于形容词，其主语通常是物。一般跟
在连系动词be，get，be，come，look，sound，feel，keep，remain，grow，seem，appear等后面。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来很有趣。
The news was disappointing．这个消息令人失望。
【点津】动名词也可以作表语，此时主语和表语是对等关系，可以互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows．（=Cleaning the windows is your task．）你的任务是擦窗户。
3．作补足语
(1) 现在分词可以在see，hear，notice，watch，feel，look at，listen to，observe，have，get，leave，keep，set，catch，find等动词(短语)后面作宾语补足语。
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car．
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
(2) 上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，现在分词可看成是主语补足语。
She was heard singing an English song yesterday．昨天有人听见她在唱英文歌曲。
A cook will be fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. 厨师若被发现在厨房内抽烟会被解雇。
4．作状语
现在分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。必须记住：从句和主句的主语必须一致。
(1) 表示时间。现在分词表时间时，相当于when等引导的时间状语从句。
① Be careful when crossing the road．（=Be careful when you are crossing the road.）
过马路时小心点。
② Having turned off the TV, he began to do his homework．关掉电视后，他开始做家庭作业。
（=After he had turned off the TV．he began to do his homework．）
(2) 表示原因
① Being so excited, she couldn’t go to sleep．(=Because she was so excited, she couldn’t go to sleep.) 因为她太兴奋了，所以睡不着。
② Not having received his reply，she decided to make a call to him．（=Because she hadn’t received his reply, she decided to make a call to him．因为没有收到他的回信，她决定给他打个电话。
(3) 表示方式或伴随，常相当于一个and引起的并列分句。
① The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand． (=The teacher came into the classroom and held a book in his hand.) 老师手拿一本书走进教室。
② He came running into the room. (=He came and ran into the room)他跑进屋来。
(4) 表示结果，常相当于一个and引起的并列分句。这类状语常放在句子的后半部分，分词前
往往有副词thus, thereby(因此)或only，并有逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为“于是，所以，因而”等。这种分词的逻辑主语既可以是句子的主语，也可以是前边的整个句子。逻辑主语为前边的整个句子时，其作用相当于一个非限制性的定语从句。
① The car was held up by the storm，causing the delay. (=The car was held up by the storm and caused the delay.) 汽车被暴风雨所阻挡，因而耽搁了。
② The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.
(=The old scientist died all of a sudden, and left the project unfinished.)
那位老科学突然去世，留下未尽的事业。
③ He turned off the lamp, (thereby) seeing nothing.
(=He turned off the lamp, thereby he saw nothing.) 他熄了灯，什么也看不见了。
④ A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, thus resulting in an increase in production. (=A number of new machines were introduced from abroad, which resulted in
an increase in production.) 大量的新机器被从国外引入，导致生产增加。
(5 ) 表示条件，常相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。
Working hard, you’ll succeed. (=If you work hard，you’ll succeed.) 努力工作，你就会成功。
(6) 表示让步，常相当于一个though等引导的让步状语从句。
Though feeling tired, Billy he didn’t stop working.(=Though Billy felt tired, he didn’t stop working. 尽管觉得很累，但比利并没有停止他的工作。
三、分词的否定式
分词的否定式总是将否定词not置于分词之前，遇上现在分词的完成式、被动式以及完成被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前。
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait．不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn’t dare to go to school．
小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
四、独立成分作状语
有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking总的来说；judging from / by根据……判断；speaking of说到……； talking of谈到……；frankly speaking坦率地说；allowing for考虑到。
① Judging by his face, he was angry．从他的脸上看，他很生气。
② The project will take about 8 months, allowing for delays caused by the rainy season.
考虑到雨季的耽误，这项工程大约需要8个月。
③ Frankly speaking，the car is not worth buying. 坦率地说，这部车不值得买。
现在分词练习
1. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door______ "Sorry to miss you; will call later."
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
2. Recently a survey _______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.
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