名词
语法讲解
名词是英语中比较大的一类词,也是高考的重点和难点。从近几年全国各省市高考题可以看出, 高考对名词的考查主要涉及在特定的语境中考查名词词义辨析(包括名词与动词或介词的搭配),名词的数(包括可数名词的单复数形式,名词的可数性和不可数性及它们之间的转化等),名词的所有格,名词作定语,以及名词的修饰语和主谓一致。另外,考查名词常常和考查冠词一起进行。
从命题形式来看,目前高考对名词的考查主要集中在完形填空、单项选择和短文改错,其中完形填空对名词的考查所占分值最大。单项选择涉及对以上所述类型的考查;完形填空主要考查名词辨析;短文改错则大多考查名词的单复数以及名词作定语。
考点一:名词词义辨析
名词词义辨析是高考对名词考查的最大热点,又是重点和难点。主要题型有单项选择和完形填空。而完形填空中对名词辨析的考查最多。名词辨析包括同义词辨析(意思大致相同,但是
各个词之间有着细微差别或者用法完全不同)、近义词辨析(词义不同,但比较接近)、形似词辨析(拼写类似,词义差别较大)。
名词的搭配主要包括名词和动词的搭配、名词和介词的搭配。
I can’t say which wine is better—it’s a (n) _______ of personal taste.
A. affair B. event C. matter D. variety
【解析】C。a matter of是一固定结构,表示“……的问题,事情”。此处是“个人口味问题”。
Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
【解析】A。A项sense表示“感觉官能”,本句中的sense of smell表示“嗅觉”;B项view表示“视野,想法,见解”;C项means表示“方法,手段”;D项idea表示“主意,想法”。本句的意
思是:狗有非常灵敏的嗅觉,经常被用来搜寻地震中的幸存者。故选A。
—Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
—Because the old one has been damaged ______.
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
【解析】B。beyond是介词,意为“(程度)超出”,beyond repair是“无法修理”。
Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
【解析】C。从题干的towards可以确定答案是C,因为attitude towards /to 是“对……的态度”。
考点二:名词在具体语境中的用法
高考题越来越多地考查词语在特定语境中的含义、感情彩和表达作用。要理解词语的语境意义,读懂句子是关键,当然要进行联系、比较和体会。
To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ________”.
A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices
【解析】D。本题考查四个名词在上下文中的含义区别。四个选项填入该空中,分别可以译作“拯救天空、拯救生命、拯救艺术、拯救(濒临消失的)语言”。根据上文动词不定式表示的目的,讨论的话题应该是“拯救与语言有关的”,当然,voices最接近language。
Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _______ like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
【解析】A。该题考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对选项中名词含义的理解。由题干中的“coal, gas, oil”可知都是燃料,故正确答案为A。B 项为“物品”;C项为“货物,商品”;D项为“产品”。
考点三:名词的抽象意义和具体意义的转换(可数名词和不可数名词的转换)
转义名词主要分为两类:
把抽象意义转化为具体意义,因而赋予其可数功能;
把具体意义的名词抽象化,从而赋予其不可数性。
抽象转具体:pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“……的人 / 物”。如:The meeting is a success.
抽象转具体:worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.
抽象转具体:a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.
具体转抽象:day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天时,表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如:Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.
名词的转义用法常和冠词用法结合起来考查,因此可以把冠词和名词联系起来复习。
—How about Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was success.
A. a; a B. The; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填
【解析】B。题意为“圣诞晚会怎么样?”是问谈话双方都知道的晚会,应该采用定冠词。句意为“应该说它很成功。”这次晚会很成功,指的是这一次的成功,具体化,故选B。
Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make ____
___ room in their day for exercise.
A. a;/ B. the; a C. the; the D. /;a
【解析】A。go on a diet 为一固定搭配,room此处为不可数名词,前面一般不用冠词。
Washing machines made by China have won _____ worldwide attention and Haier has become____ popular name.
A. a;the B. the;a C.不填;a D. weight的固定搭配不填;the
【解析】C。本题考查可数名词与不可数名词及与它们连用的冠词的用法。第一空涉及到名词attention“注意”是不可数名词,表泛指,因此其前不可用冠词。第二空涉及到名词name, 是可数名词单数,且表泛指,因此其前用a。
名词的单复数在短文改错中的考查:
Christie was one of my best friend at high school. (one of… “……中的一个”, 其后名词应用复数形式,故friend应为friends;)
What’s more, a good friend is willing to offer the help which you need, or can at least give you some advices. (advice为不可数名词, 既不能用a/an修饰又没有复数形式;故advices 应为advice)
I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldn’t get used to it—in fact, I’ve nearly killed three peoples. (people表“人, 人们”时是复数,既不能用a/an修饰又没有复数形式;表“民族”时是单数,既能用a/an修饰又有复数形式peoples,而本题中应指“三个人”,故peoples应为people)
The second man pointed to his glass, and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight. (glass表示“玻璃”时是不可数名词,表示“玻璃杯”时是可数名词,但表“眼镜”时必须用其复数形式glasses,而根据题意,第二个人指着他的眼镜询问天使是否能治愈他的弱视,故此题中glass应为glasses)
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