浅谈as if 的用法
一谈到固定搭配词as if ,人们很自然地会联想到另一个搭配词 as though。这两个搭配词是否是synonym(同义词)呢?答案是肯定的。 websters new collegiate dictionary 明确地指出:“ as though conj as if ”。英国现代语言学家f.t.wood 在他所著的english colloquial idioms 关于as though 一条上写着:as though 常用来代替as if 。而在《英文疑难详解续篇》一书中,海外著名学者钱歌川先生更为明确地写到:“据nedfowler curme pence 等,都认为as if as though 两者完全一样,用法上毫无差异,不过口语则多半用 as if 取其短简。”由此可见, as if as though synonym 可以交换使用也是无可非议的。
as if as though 的用法是多种多样的。它们不仅可以引导一个子句(clause),还可以引导多种类型的短语(phrase)。
一、引导介词短语
the waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
海浪好像愤怒似的冲击着岩石。
weight的用法搭配
his shoulders were bent as though under a weight.
他的肩背好像负着重荷似的弯曲了。
二、引导不定式短语
she welcomed us with excessive cordiality as though to compensate for her earlier neglect.
她异常热情地欢迎我们好像在弥补之前对我们的怠慢。
he raised his hand as if to command silence.
他把手举起来,好像在命令不要再说话了。
seven friendsindeed were going to give a party for danny it is as though to say danny had only seven friends
真的只有七个朋友来为丹尼开了一个舞会!简直就像丹尼只有七个朋友似的。
三、引导形容词和形容词短语
he took the man by the throat as if ready to strangle him.
他扼住那个男人的脖子好像准备掐死他。
he lay still for a long while as if dead.
他僵硬地躺了好长时间,好像死去了一样。
ella sat for a while as if stunned.
艾拉简直好像晕昏了似的坐了一会儿。
as if 除了这几种用法外,它还可位于句首引导感叹句,表示对一个建议、假定、想象等的反对。as if 的这种用法,f.t. wood 在他所著的english colloquial idioms中给予以下两个例子:
as if anyone would believe that story
好像有人会相信那种故事似的!(实际上并不信)
he warned me against associating with people of doubtful character. as if i ever should
他警告我不要同人格可疑的人们来往。好像我会那样做似的。(实际上并不会去做)
longman dictionary of contemporary english中也有类似的一个例子:
as if i cared !( i dont care!)
好像我在乎似的!(实际上并不在乎)
as if as though 最常见的用法是引导一个子句。然而子句中的动词该用何种时态(tense)或何种语气(mood), 对于初学英语的学生来说,也许是一个棘手的问题。本文的主要目的,就是想通过列举在阅读中碰到的一些句子,谈谈看法。
初学英语的学生也许会认为,在as if as though 引导的子句中,其谓语动词一定要用过去式或者过去完成式,表示虚拟语气。如:
1 he behaves as if he owned this place.
2 we remember the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday.
3 she looked as if she had had some bad news.
as if /as though 结构中的动词形式通常决定于说话人语义意图。比较:
1 i feel as if i was/ were going to faint.(我感觉我好像要晕倒了)
2 i feel as if i am going to faint.(我感觉真的就要晕倒了)
这也就是说,在某些语境中,如果不表示假设意义,就不必用过去时形式。
下面,我们具体分析一下例句,以便学生更好地理解。
1 he walks as if he were drunk.
2 he walks as if he is drunk.
这里的(1)句表示虚拟语气,意味着“但是他没有醉”(but he is not drunk); 而(2)句则告诉我们“以他走路的样子判断,他确实是醉了”。(he is drunk judging by the way he walks.)以下的一对句子在意思上也存在着同样的区别:
3 it looks as if it is going to rain.
4 it looks as if it were going to rain.
这里的(3)句告诉我们:“从天来判断,是快要下雨了”,而(4)句则仅仅是一种假设,因为从天看来好像要下雨,但实际上“并不会下雨”。
综上所述,我们可以得出这样的结论,as if as though不仅是synonym,可以交换使用,它们引导的从句,其动词用现在式表示陈述语气,与使用过去式表示虚拟语气,都是容许的,因为语言是灵活的。
(责任编辑 卉)

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