专题三形容词与副词
形容词和副词的原级 | |
1．用法
(1)表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as” “as＋形容词＋a(n)＋单数名词＋as”“as＋many/much＋复数名词/不可数名词＋as”的结构；
Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is)．＝Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is)．
亨利和彼得一样都是好工人。
It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.
人们普遍认为，教学是一门科学，同时也是一门艺术。
(2)表示双方不相等时，用“not so/as＋形容词/副词的原级＋as”的结构；
Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.
亨利的书不如我的多。
[名师指津] as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋形容词
The building is as tall as 100 meters.＝The building is 100 meters tall.
这幢楼有100米高。
2．as ...as结构前可用almost, exactly, half, just, nearly, quite等修饰，表示程度。
Let's walk. It's just as quick as taking the bus.
咱们走路去吧，这和坐公共汽车去一样快。
形容词和副词的比较级与最高级 | |
1．比较级与最高级的构成
(1)规则变化：
词形分类及变化构成 | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | |
单音节词和少数双音节词 | 一般加er或est | tall strong | taller stronger | tallest strongest |
以不发音的e结尾的，只加r或st | nice late | nicer later | nicest latest | |
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加er或est | big hot thin fat | bigger hotter thinner fatter | biggest hottest thinnest fattest | |
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加er或est | happy easy early | happier easier earlier | happiest easiest earliest | |
其他双音节词和多音节词 | 在前面加more或most | difficult beautiful | more difficult，more beautiful | most difficult，most beautiful |
[名师指津] 有些形容词和副词没有程度可分或形容词和副词本身就是某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。如right, wrong, excellent, extreme, perfect, possible, empty, greatly, very等。
(2)不规则变化：
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
good/well | better | best |
bad (badly)/ill | worse | worst |
many/much | more | most |
little | less | least |
far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
[名师指津] ①farther和farthest分别指时间或空间上“较远”“最远”。②elder不能与than连
用，只能用作定语修饰名词，且仅用于同辈之间的排行。elder sister；elder brother哥哥。
2．比较级的用法
(1)比较级的常见结构
①表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”结构。
This computer is less expensive than mine.
这部电脑没有我的贵。
②表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级．.., the＋比较级．..”，意为“越……就越……”。
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙就越感到高兴。
③不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。
Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.
我们学校变得越来越漂亮了。
④表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。
You are no taller than I．你和我一样矮。
⑤“the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词”表示“两个中较……的那个”。
The taller of the two boys is my brother.
那两个男孩中较高的那个是我的哥哥。
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式
I have never spent a more worrying day.
这是我度过的最令人焦虑的一天。
I can't agree more.我完全同意。
He is better at English than anything else.
他最擅长英语。
Every morning he arrives earlier than any other student in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than all the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than anyone else in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than any of the other students in the class.
＝Every morning he arrives earlier than the rest of students in the class.
每天早上他都是班里来得最早的。
(3)修饰比较级的常用词和短语有rather, much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, a great deal, (by) far, a bit等。
The students study even harder than before.
学生们比以前学习更努力了。
3．最高级的用法
(1)形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
weight的最高级(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
(4)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not really以及序数词等。
I'd like to buy the second most expensive camera.
我想买便宜一点的照相机。
[名师指津] by far通常用来修饰最高级，但也可修饰比较级，修饰比较级时，一般放在比较级后面，若在前面，应在两者之间加the。
The book is better by far than that one.
这本书要比那本书好得多。
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
他是两兄弟中较高的那一个。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live
three years ________ (long) than nonrunners.
解析：longer 根据空后的than和语境可知，此处应该使用副词比较级形式，故填longer。
②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the ________ (loud) of all.
解析：loudest 根据空前的the以及空后的of all可知此处应用最高级。
③(2018·浙江6月高考)There could be an even ________ (high) cost on your health.
解析：higher 此处表示这么做可能还会让你付出更高的健康代价。根据even可判断，此处要用形容词的比较级。
④(2017·浙江11月高考)One of the ________ (effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books.
解析：effective/most effective 空格处作ways的定语故用形容词形式，effective意为“有效的”。此处也可用最高级，表示“最有效的方式之一”。
⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Sixteen years __________(early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.
解析：earlier 固定表达sixteen years earlier表示“早在16年前”。此时的earlier相当于before，一般直接跟在时间名词的后面。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even_______ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析：worse 根据语境可知，此处表示程度的加深，所以用比较级形式，even worse表示“更糟糕的是”。
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