冠词
一:冠词的定义
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。
二:冠词的种类
1.不定冠词:a/an仅用在单数可数名词前面,表示个别或泛指的用法。
2.定冠词:the特指某一个人或事物的用法,表示“这”,“那”,“这些”,“那些”的意思,在可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前面都可以用
当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是辅音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用a, 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是元音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用 an.。
例如:a boy,a university,a European country;
an hour,an honour,an island,an elephant,an umbrella,an 8-year-old boy
三:冠词的用法
学冠词的用法时必须明确两个概念:
1.泛指:一类中的任何一个个体,不明确,未指明哪一个。
2.特指:说话者和听话者都知道所指的内容。
冠词用法的总原则:
名词前用不用冠词,用哪一类冠词,通常取决于三方面因素:
是可数名词,还是不可数名词
是单数名词,还是复数名词
是特指的,还是泛指的意义
冠词和这三个因素之间的关系,如下表:
名词种类 | 特指 | 泛指 | |
可数名词 | 单数 | the | a/an |
复数 | the | 零冠词 | |
不可数名词 | the | 零冠词 | |
(1)不定冠词a/an的用法
1.用于可数名词单数前泛指一类人或事,如:A plane is a machine that can fly. A book is on the desk.(泛指). Please buy me a book.(任何一本书)
2.第一次提及或对方不知道的人或物, A boy is waiting for you. I bought a computer 3 years ago.
3.表示单位,价格,速度,比率等,意为“每一”,相当于per或every。如: ①We study eight hours a day. ②He drives at 50 miles an hour. ③He washes his clothes twice a week. ④He takes medicine three times a day. ⑤These shoes cost 5 yuan a pair.
4.表示“相同”相当于the same .We are nearly of an age.
5.用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't___a___ Mr. Smith here.
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.(活雷锋)
6.用于固定词组中
4.表示“相同”相当于the same .We are nearly of an age.
5.用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't___a___ Mr. Smith here.
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.(活雷锋)
6.用于固定词组中
a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, in a minute , have a rest, have a break,
7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后.如:This room is rather a big one.
8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前
success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事
a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事
a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西
a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
10.与序数词连用,表示“又一,再一”。
In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.
为了到一个更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一门外语。
7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后.如:This room is rather a big one.
8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前
success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事
a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事
a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西
a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
10.与序数词连用,表示“又一,再一”。
In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.
为了到一个更好的工作,他决定再学习另外一门外语。
(2)定冠词the的用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。例如:Open the window, please.
3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。例如:I have a car.The car is red.
4.指世界上独一无二的事物。 例如:Which is bigger,the sun or the earth?
5.用在序数词表示顺序,例如:The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.
weight的最高级但如果表示数量的增加。表示“又一,另一…”,相当于 “another”,则要在序数词前加 a / an. 如:①This is the second time that I have seen the film.② I’ve had two cakes, but I'd like a third one.
6.形容词最高级前表示 “最”,如果不表示 “最”, 而是表示“非常”, 则应在最高级形容词前加 a / an。如:①She is the most beautiful girl in our school. ②Xi'an is a most beautiful city.
7.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如,the Great Wall ,the United States 8.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。例如:the poor, the blind, the sick, the old.
9.用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。例如:the Greens/Browns.
10.用在方位词前。例如:on the left在左边,in the middle of在中间
11.用在乐器名称前。例如:play the piano/violion.
12用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,岛及国家和党派等名词前。例如:the Black Sea,the Yangzi River, the West Lake
13. 介词by+the+表示时间、长度、重量的名词”, 表示“按……计算”.如:by the hour, by the piece(按件计), by the dozen, by the pound .Workers are paid by the month.工人的工资按月结算
注意:和介词by连用的weight, length前面不加the.
如: These cigarettes are sold by weight.
Cloth is often sold by length.
14.比较级形容词前加the,可以表示两者中“比较……些的那个……”或 “ 越……, 就越……”.
the taller of the two boys
the more expensive of the bags两个包中比较贵的那个
The more , the better 越多越好
15. 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式wound/bite/beat/pat/take +sb+介词+the+部位. 如:He hit the thief on the head.他打中了小偷的头。She cut herself on the hand.她切到自己的手了。
16. 用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。例如: in the 1990s,in the Qing dynasty
17.用在某些固定词组中:all the same仍然;all the time一直;at the moment此刻;at the same time同时;by the way顺便说;do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外
(三)零冠词的用法
1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如,Class Two,Tian’an Men Square天安门广场,water,air.
2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及所有格限制时。例如my book
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如:They are teachers. Tigers like meat.
4.在星期,月份,季节,节日前。例如:on Sunday,in March,in spring,但是如果月份,季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时,则要加定冠词:He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.他在1982年春季参军。
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如:Tom汤姆,Mum妈妈
6.在学科名称,三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如:I have lunch at school every day. 但是当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)
7.在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。例如:No.25 Middle School
8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前:by bus乘公共汽车;by car乘汽车;by bike骑/坐自行车;by train乘火车;by air/plane乘飞机;by sea/ship乘船,但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组:day and night日日夜夜;brother and sister兄弟妹;hour after hour时时刻刻;here and there到处
(3)介词词组:at home在家;in surprise惊奇地;at noon在中午;on foot步行;at night在晚上;on duty值日;at work在工作;on time准时;for example例如;in class在上课;on show展览;in bed在床上
(4)go短语:go home回家;go to bed上床睡觉;go to school去上学;go to work去上班;go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing去买东西/游泳/划船/钓鱼
(四).用与不用冠词的差异
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上,在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后,将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的,办不到的next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
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