专题二十一 连词
重难点分析
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词可以分为两类：并列连词和从属连词(引导各种从句的连词)。连词是每年高考语法填空设空的必考项目之一！
一、连词的用法归纳
并列连词
并列关系
and, when(就在这时=and just at this/that time), not only…but also, neither…nor, both…and
转折关系
but, while (而/尽管), yet, not…but
选择关系
or, either…or, otherwise, or else (否则/要不然)
因果关系weight是什么词
for, so
定语从句
关系
代词
先行词是人
who/that(主语), whom/that(宾语), whose(定语)
注意：非限制性定语从句中不用that
先行词是事或物
which/that(主语或宾语), whose(定语)
关系副词
先行词是时间: when (状语)；先行词是地点: where (状语)；先行词是reason: why (状语)
名词性从句
连词that
没有词义，不作句子成分，引导宾语从句时可省略；即句子的结构与意义完整时，填that
连词if/whether
意为“是否”，不作句子成分，引导宾语从句时，一般可互换，但在介词后或discuss后引导宾语从句时，只能用whether。但引导其他名词性从句时，一般也只能用whether
连接代词
有意义，作句子成分：who, whom, whose, which, what
连接副词
有词义，作句子成分：when, where, why, how
状语从句
时间状语
when, while, as, before, after, once, till, until, since, every time, the moment, hardly…when, no sooner…than, as soon as
地点状语
where, wherever (无论什么地方/不管哪里)
条件状语
if, unless (除非), as/so long as (只要), on condition that (如果), in case (如果/万一)
原因状语
because, since, as, now that (=since 既然、由于)
结果状语
so that (结果), so…that, such…that (如此……以至于……)
目的状语
so that (为了/以便), in order that, in case (以防万一), for fear that (以防/以免)
让步状语
although, though, as (状语或表语要提到as前，作表语的单数可数名词提前时，不用a), even if, even though (即使), whether…or…(不管……还是), whoever (=no matter who), whatever (=no matter what), whenever (=no matter when), whichever (=no matter which)
比较状语
than, as…as, not as…as, not so…as, the same…as, such…as, the more…the more
方式状语
as (像、依照), as if, as though (好像、仿佛)
注意：定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的详细讲解可见专题13、14、15。
二、连词的使用难点与易错点归纳
因为连词的种类非常多，有并列连词（连接并列句），有从属连词（引导复合句），而从属连词引导的从句又可分为三类：定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。尤其应注意的是有些连词可引导不止一种从句，具有多重功能，这往往是学习的难点，也是易混点。
难点回顾：
1. as可引导多种从句，如时间状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句以及定语从句。
[误] Which you can see, he is always ready to help others.
[正] As you can see, he is always ready to help others.
解析：as引导非限制性定语从句，当“正像/正如”讲。
[误] Do like I told you.
[正] Do as I told you.
解析：like是介词；as是连词，在这里作“按照”讲，引导方式状语从句。
[误] He was reading then he was walking.
[正] He was reading as he was walking.
解析：as强调两个动作同时进行，作“一边……一边……”讲。
[误] As he is young, he knows a lot.
[正] Young as he is, he knows a lot.
解析：as引导的让步状语从句应用倒装语序，应把表语提前。
2. that可引导多种从句，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。
[误] You don’t like him is none of my business.
[正] That you don’t like him is none of my business.
解析：that引导主语从句，本身无实际意义，但不能省略。
[误] The thief handed everything which he had stolen to the police.
[正] The thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
解析：everything是不定代词，因此后面的定语从句只能由that引导。
[误] I am happy as you passed the exam.
[正] I am happy that you passed the exam.
解析：that在形容词后面引导宾语从句，不能用as。
3. where可引导多种从句，如定语从句、状语从句以及名词性从句。
[误] Go to find your watch. It’s there where you left it.
[正] Go to find your watch. It’s where you left it.
解析：where引导表语从句，相当于at the place where。
[误] The place where there is water, there is life.
[正] Where there is water, there is life.
解析：where引导地点状语从句，可以放在主句的前面，也可以放在主句的后面。
[误] I can’t remember in which place I met him.
[正] I can’t remember where I met him.
解析：where引导宾语从句，不能用in which。
4. what可引导感叹句、特殊疑问句、名词性从句等。
[误] How an interesting story he told us!
[正] What an interesting story he told us!
解析：What an interesting story！= How interesting a story！
[误] I can’t remember the thing what he told me.
[正] I can’t remember what he told me.
解析：what引导宾语从句，相当于the thing that。
5. no matter + 与的区别：前者只能引导让步状语从句，而后者既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
[误] I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest.
[正] I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.
解析：引导名词性从句时只能用whoever。
[误] You must hand in no matter what you’ve found.
[正] You must hand in whatever you’ve found.
解析：引导名词性从句时只能用whatever。
6. whether和if的区别：两者引导名词性从句时都是从属连词，作“是否”讲，本身不作成分，
此时句子中往往出现表示“不肯定”意义的一些短语，如not sure/certain, not known/decided, ...is still question, depend on等。whether和if引导动词后的宾语从句时可互换，但下列情况一般只能用whether：
(1)引导介词后的宾语从句；(2)引导主语从句；(3)引导表语从句；(4)引导同位语从句；(5)后面出现or not。
[误] If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
[正] Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
解析：引导主语从句只能用whether。
三、关联副词
英语中有一类词，其作用和功能与连词有些类似，但又有区别，那就是关联副词。关联副词也是全国英语高考的考点之一，曾经出现过几次。这类题主要考虑前后逻辑意义的连贯，即重点考虑上下文意义的连贯，同时注意分析句中的时态等基础语法现象和相关词语的用法。做这类题，清楚地理解文章的来龙去脉和上下文意是最关键的！
1. 时间性副词
由考查过的a few hour before/earlier可联想到，也许会考a few hours ago (几小时前), then minutes later (十分钟后), afterwards (后来), the day after (次日), the day before (前一日), I had met him before (在那之前我就见过他了), than before (比以前), than ever (比以前), than ever before (比以往任何时候), since (从那时以来), ever since (从那时起到现在), and then (然后), till then (直到那时), by then (到那时为止), just then (就在那个时候), from then on (从那时期)等。
2. 逻辑性副词
由考过的anyway (无论如何)可联想到，也许会考anyhow (=anyway 无论如何、至少), however (然而), therefore (因此), thus (因此), besides (而且、还有、此外), though (可是、然而), too, also, instead等。
考点练透
一、完成句子 在下列各句中填入一个适当的单词使句子完整通顺。
1. I met Alice, ___________ told me that she was learning Chinese.
2. The man to ___________ our headmaster talked just now is from Canada.

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