无动词分句(VERSLESS CLAUSE)是一种省略了主语和谓语动词的分句结构。这种结构通常出现在句首,也可出现在其他位置。它的被省略的主语通常也就是主句的主语;被省略的动词通常是连系动词be,因此无动词分句就其深层结构来说大多属于SVC句型。例如:
Close to the urban areas,this f arm mainly does market gardening.由于靠近市区,这个农场主要生产商品蔬菜。
A science reporter,Jim has a wide range of knowledge.吉姆是一位科学新闻记者,所以知识面广。
在这里,Close to the urban areas=As it is close to the urban areas;A sciencereporter=As he is a science reporter,都是一种省略结构。
一、无动词分句的类型
无动词分句,就其结构形式来说,分为以下三类:
1.不带从属连词的无动词分句
这类无动词分句通常只由形容词词组或名词词组构成。例如:
Speechless,Henry nodded and sat on a f olding seat.亨利一言不发,点点头,坐在折椅上。
Anxious f or a quick decision,the chairman called f or a v ote.主席急于迅速作出决定,便提交表决。
Ture or not,the report prov ided new ammunition f or his enemies.不管是真是假,这个报告都为他的敌人们提供了新的炮弹。
An excellent speaker,he was nev er at a loss for a word.作为一位卓越的演讲家,他从来不会无话可说。
2.带从属连词的无动词分句
能引导无动词分句的从属连词有:when(ev er),while,wherev er,whether…or,although,though,as if,ev en if,once,unless,until,howev er,no matter what等。例如:
When still a boy of six,Bob was sent away from home.当鲍还是个六龄儿童的时候,就被打发出门。
ALthough a phy sicist by training,he became a great statesman.他虽是物理学家出身,却成为伟大的政治家。
Whether right or wrong,he alway s comes off worst in an argument.不管有理无理,他在辩论中总是受挫。
You should not drink v ery cold water while hot f rom work.因劳动而浑身发热的时候你不应该喝凉水。
这类无动词分句还可以是“从属连词+介词词组”,或者“从属连词+副词词组”。例如:
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.入乡随俗。
He spoke ungraciously if not rudely.他讲话的口气尽管不算粗鲁却也没有礼貌。
Judges howev er wise or eminent,are human and can make mistakes.法官们尽管聪明睿智,毕竟是人,还是可能出错的。
3.带有自身主语的无动词分句
以上两类无动词分句均以主句主语作为自己的逻辑主语,从而不须表示出来。带主语的无动词分句便成为一种所谓的“独立结构”。例如:Two hundred people died in the accident,many of them children.两百人在事故中丧生,其中大多数是儿童。
Miriam looked at Harry,his ey es f ull of doubt and discomfort.米里安看着哈利,带着怀疑和不快的目光。
weight是什么词He looked up,annoy ance on his f ace.他抬起头来,面有愠。
Breakf ast ov er he went to his counting house.早餐后,他走进会计室。
带主语的无动词分句有时并不与主句的主语发生关系,而是与宾语发生关系。例如:
She talked about her f riends,all of them telev ision stars.她谈论她的朋友们,尽是些电视明星。
I don't wish to describe his assertions,some of them offensiv e.我不愿细谈他的主张,有些主张令人反感。
二、无动词分句的句法功能
无动词分句在句中主要作状语和名词修饰语,相当于状语分句和关系分句。
1.无动词分句作状语
无动词分句的主要功能是起各种状语分句的作用,比如表示原因:
A man of integrity,he would keep his word,I am certain.他是一位正直的人,我肯定他会信守诺言。
The men stared at the f loor,too nerv ous to reply.他们太紧张了,呆呆地看着地板,无言以对。
表示条件:
Once conscious of an inf ringement of his rights,he always protested to themanager.一旦感到他的权利受到侵犯,他总是要向经理提出抗议。
It has little taste unless hot.除非烧热,这东西几乎没有什么味道。
表示让步:
Though alone,he was not lost.尽管孤独,他并无失落感。
His salary was good,if not up to his expectations.他的薪水不低,尽管没有达到他期望的水平。
表示时间:
You must eat it when f resh.
Ripe(=When ripe),these apples are sweet.当这些苹果成熟时,味甜。
表示地点:
Wherev er possible,all mov ing parts should be tested.所有可以移动的部件都应尽可能加以检验。
The cardboard is light-proof where thick.这种纸板在较厚的部位上是不透光的。
表示行为方式或伴随状况:
There he stood,a tray in each hand.他站在那里,一手端着一个盘子。
Stone-f aced,the captain ordered to reduce speed.船长脸严峻,下令减速。
2.无动词分句作名词修饰语
无动词分句作名词修饰语是对所修饰的名词词组作一些补充说明。在作这种用法时,无动词分句相当于一个非限制性关系分句。例如:The castle,now empty,was allowed to f all into ruin.那城堡,如今四壁萧然,早已被人遗弃,任其坍圮。
His hands,numb f rom the cold,could not f ind the key.他的手冻僵了,摸不到钥匙。
在上述第一例中,now empty=which is now empty;第二例中,numbfrom the
cold=which were numb from the cold.可是,这类结构到底是无动词分句还是形容词词组似乎并无绝对界限,然而在用作状语的情况下,无动词分句和形容词词组或名词词组是截然有别的。
英语的修辞可以分为消极修辞和积极修辞两大类。
一、消极修辞(Passive Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些没有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧,它与语法、语言结构和词汇的关系密切,只是为了修辞和立意新颖的缘故,对之做了一些调整。举一种情况进行说明:为了增加文采,强化文章的表现力,常常避免重复使用同一个词汇,而另选他词。这种无固定格式可循的消极修辞手段被称为Elegant Variation (求雅换词)。如在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为10 Ways to Lose Pounds 的文章中,“减肥”的表达竟有8种,文笔活泼,文采灿然:1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help mel t away your fat forever. 4. …like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. …roughly the amount needed to burn off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lose Pounds. 以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。遗憾的是,大部分精彩的用词不能直译。
求雅换词的手法之一是大字小用,或小词大用。如:Don’t take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 句子写得精彩,最难忘的是其中license一词。它是用途很广的大词。用在这里给人一种“头小帽大”的感觉,新颖别致。译文很难挽留此韵。(不能因为食品标明低脂肪,而敞开食用。)再如:If the term sou
nds unscientific to 20th-century ears, let us remember there is a definite connection between marshy lands and malaria… (如果这个术语对生活在20世纪的人听来不科学的话,那就让我们记住在沼泽地和疟疾之间有一定的联系……)。求雅换词的手法之二是科技词汇和日常用词的“错位”。如:Na?ve rats and frogs are said to have reacted wildly to such proposed experimented situation. Na?ve用于现代生物学时的含义为:not previously subjected to experimentation or a particular experimented situation.(据说,首次用来作实验的鼠和蛙对这种设定的环境改变都有剧烈反应。)再如:However, there are plenty of people who like tennis. It is the megagame. Mega的含义是兆,百万,是一个科技英语的词缀。使用在这里新义溢出。(但是许许多多的人喜欢网球,这是一项十分普及的运动。)
二、积极修辞(Active Rhetoric Techniques)
它主要指那些有相对固定格式的修辞性写作技巧。常见分类如下:
1.词义修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)
metaphor(比喻), metonymy(借代), personification(拟人), irony(反语), hyper***(夸张), understatement(低调), euphemism(委婉语), contrast(对照), oxymoron(矛盾修辞法), transferred epithet(移就), pun(双关), syllepsis(异叙), zeugma(粘连), parody(仿拟), paradox(隽语)2.结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices)
repeti t ion(反复), catchword repeti t ion(联珠), chiasmus(回文), parallelism(平行结构), antithesis (反对), rhetoric question(设问), anticlimax(突降)
3.音韵修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)
alliteration(头韵), onomatopoeia(拟声)
三、英语修辞的理解与翻译
马克?吐温在其著名游记A Tramp Abroad中,有这样一句:We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists------and dust. 句末的-----and dust看似寻常一笔,其实是一种不
可多得的妙句,使用了英语中anticlimax的修辞格。如果不能识破,则让对照阅读原文者“饮恨”。如:同路的有许多旅客,有乘马车的,也有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。/ 我们的旅伴真不少,有乘马车的,有骑骡子的,还有滚滚尘土呢。
下面就几种常见的修辞格进行讲解:
1.Parody(仿拟)如果译者功底不凡,能知作者之所“仿”,那么,理解与翻译也就“水到渠成”。如:Clearly, when i t comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect. 可以译成:显然,在
婚姻问题上,婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。再如:When flu hits below the bel t, it can be a challenge to keep down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt的通常解释是:用不正当手段打人(原指拳击中打对方的下身)。若是照搬,译文就会闹笑话。对待“仿拟”修辞格的方法之一是还原。所谓还原,即故意撇开成语的引申义,而“硬”用其字面义。如:若流感影响到了肠胃,那就只能饮用点茶水,要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。再如:Little John was born wi t h a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be born wi t h a silver spoon in one’s mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里,作者不用此引申义,而用字面意思。试译:小约翰嘴形弯曲,且大得出奇,好像生下来的时候嘴中含了一把银勺子似的。
2.Syllepsis(异叙)此修辞格的特点是用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)同时与两个词或者更多相搭配,巧用一词多义的特点。如:He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didn’t have a clue what he meant.试译:他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候,我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中,我一次次发脾气,一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成,老爸总是劝我“放松点,慢慢打,比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如:By day’s end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and I had lost mine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything he
avier than the evening paper. 试译:一天快结束的时候,我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞,为此,我失去了9磅体重,失去了听力,失去了双手的感觉,还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。
3.metonymy(借代)借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式,不会引起误会,同时让译文多了一份词趣。如:So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,要更多地注重自己的腰围,而不是自己的体重。译文B:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上,而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。
4.pun(双关)有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如:First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. (整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。)试译:绅士甲:你总以为我有那种病,其实你大错特错,我的身体响当当的。路奇奥:响当当的,可并不结实,就像空心的东西那样响当当的,你的骨头都空了,好的毛病把你掏空了。
5.alliteration(头韵)英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的,但是,面对alliteration,并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如:Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or b
etter. 试译:变化是生活的一部分,而且也塑造了人的意志品德,亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了,你有两种选择:要么痛苦不堪;要么痛快达观。再如:Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译:可以预言,今年冬天将多雪,多冻雨,多泥泞。(原句当中的snowy, sleety, slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵,
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