The United Kingdom, including Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland "and Northern Ireland, is a member of the European Community 12. Its full name is the United Kingdom.
Britain is the British Isles by the majority of islands, of which the largest islands are Great Britain, the second largest island Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The west coast of Scotland there is a large islands called the Hebrides. Native north-east coast of Scotland Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, and Samoa. Of these islands with the mainland have administrative relations, but the Irish Sea between Great Britain and the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands between France is largely autonomous and not an integral part of the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom area of approximately 242.5 thousand square kilometers (93600 square miles), from the south coast to Scotland is almost the most northern part of nearly 1,000 kilometers (about 600 miles), nearly horizontal at its widest point about 500 kilometers (about 300 miles).
"Britain" the term originated in the Greek and Latin words, which may eventually be traced back to Celtic. Although the use of "Prehistoric" This yardstick to measure, the Celtics went to the British Isles is also a later (and before that had created those civilizations such as the Avebury stone circle Stonehenge construction sites and Such well-known historical monuments), but the history of written records relating
to England, after all, about the Celtics from the start. "Celtic" This phrase is very common and regularly used to distinguish the early inhabitants of the British Isles and later the Anglo - Saxon invaders.
The Romans ruled from AD 43 onwards lasted 300 years. The Romans in 408 before the final withdrawal of the island were from Northern Europe began to Angles, Saxons and Jutes intrusion, has undergone a period of growing chaos. "England" is the word from the "Angles" came. Over the next two centuries, and gradually became a settler harassment and the establishment of a number of small kingdom. British people in today's Wales and Cornwall Regional Independent survive. These small kingdom there was relatively strong to dominate the country's kingdom, first in the North (Northumbria Kingdom), and then in the central (the Kingdom of Mercia), and finally in the south (Wessex kingdoms). However, from the Scandinavian Vikings then invaded England and settled down, although in the 10th century Wessex dynasty, beat off the invading Danes and for a time to dominate the vast region of England.
In 1066 took place on the last successful invasion of England. Duke William of Normandy in the Battle of Hastings defeated the British, the Normans from France and others come here to settle. In the ensuing three centuries, the French became the language of nobility, the legal structure has been the English Channel on the other side of the passage of that set of consequences, and social structure, to
some extent been affected.
Wales, though often in England within the sphere of influence, but has been a bastion of Boston. However, in the Prince Llewellyn was killed in 1282, after Edward I waged a battle and victory to put England under the rule of Wales. Welsh nationalist sentiment continues to rise, the beginning of the 15th century rebellion led by Owen Gerlind illustrated this point. In 1536 and in 1542 a joint decree to England and Wales in the administrative, political and legal integration into one.
Originally lived in Scotland most of Picts. The 6th century, the Scots from Ireland to settle in today's Argyll area. Lothian home to England, while others continue to go north Wales, Britain came to Strathclyde. The 9th century, the various regions of Scotland to unite against Viking. Throughout the Middle Ages, when England's monarchy has always been a powerful threat to Scotland's independence.
England and Scotland, the joint that eventually, when the religious differences of the ethnic hatred in the past than the more crucial. In England, Elizabeth I in 1603 by James VI of Scotland (James I of England) to the throne. Even so, England and Scotland in addition to Oliver Cromwell's rule was once forced to bring together, in the 17th century they have been independe nt of each other. To 1707, awar
e of a closer political and economic union benefits, the two sides agreed to establish a single British Parliament. Scotland retained its own legal system and religious communities. But in George I and George II of Hanover, two Protestants during the reign of the royal family of England and Scotland, the relationship between the nervous and James II, has launched two rebellions revolutionaries to try to restore the Catholic House of Stuart.
威尔士和英格兰的关系
Ireland before the Christian era there were many of the Kingdom, but Ireland is not immune from a violation of Viking, to the 10th century AD, when, suddenly became a Viking pre-eminence.
Henry II of England in 1169 to launch the invasion of Ireland. England Ji Pope Adrian IV, Henry II granted the powers of the supreme ruler, because he was anxious to make Irish church fully compliant Rome. Fell in most parts of Ireland, Anglo - Norman power and privilege in the hands, but in medieval England, almost no direct exercise of jurisdiction in this.
Tudor monarchs of several interventions in Ireland tend to be much stronger. In the reign of Elizabeth I, the Irish rebels launched a series of battles. 'Resistance Movement, mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster, 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement as well as leaders of the exodus of Ulster from Scotland and England into areas inhabited by immigrants.
As the English Civil War (1642 ~ 1652), Ireland was attacked by a number of uprisings, but have been Cromwell suppressed. 1688 James II was spent dim after the war between England and Ireland is constantly. 18th century, most of them are fragile peace. 18 century, the British Government has made various efforts to seek stability. In 1782, the Irish Parliament (established in the Middle Ages) to obtain legislative autonomy; in the Constitution than with
Britain the only major link is to the Royal Government. However, the Parliament represents just a small number of Anglo - Irish privileged class, Catholics were excluded. In 1798 an uprising took place, but without success;
in 1801, Ireland and Great Britain combined into one.
Although the 1916 uprising in Dublin, the national insurrection was crushed, but in the First World War-stage, a stream known as the Irish Republican Army guerrilla forces began military action against the British authorities. In 1920 the Government of Ireland Act passed to set up two local government councils,
one based in Dublin and one in Belfast. The Act was implemented in 1921 in Northern Ireland, Ulster Province, nine counties have six received their own parliament, while still have seats in the British Parli
ament, and subject to the jurisdiction of the British Parliament the highest. However, the Irish Republican Army continues to fight for the South to win its independence from Britain in
the fight. In June 1921 after the signing of an armistice agreement, according
to conclude in December the same year, the British - Irish Treaty the Irish Free State was established in 1949, the Free State became the Republic of Ireland.
Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, although not belonging to the United Kingdom, but have a special relationship with the United Kingdom. Channel Islands during the 10th century and 11th century part of the Duchy of Normandy. Isle of Man has been nominally in 1266 prior to the exercise of sovereignty by Norway to the 1765 final was governed directly by the Government of the Kingdom. Today, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have their own legislative bodies and the legal system, where the British Government is responsible for defense and international relations.
翻译：
英国包括大不列颠(英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰〉和北爱尔兰，是欧洲共同体12个
成员国之一。它的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
英国是由不列颠岛中大部分岛屿组成的，其中第一大岛是大不列颠，第二大
岛上有北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。苏格兰西部沿海有一个叫做赫布里底的大岛。苏格兰本土的东北沿海有奥克尼岛和萨得兰岛。上述这些岛都与本土有行政上的关系，但爱尔兰海上的马恩岛以及大不列颠与法国之间的海峡岛则基本
上自治，不是联合王国的组成部分。
英国的面积大约为242500平方公里(93600平方英里)，从南部海岸到苏格兰的最北部差不多将近1000公里（约600英里），横向最宽处差不多将近500公里（约300英里）。
"Britain"这个词起源于希腊和拉丁词，而最终可能追溯到凯尔特语。尽管用"史
前时期"这一尺度来衡量时，凯尔特人也是稍后才来到不列颠岛的(在此之前的
那些文明就已创造了诸如埃夫伯里巨石建筑遗址和圆形巨石阵这样的著名历史
遗迹)，但是有关英国历史的文字记载毕竟还是从讲述凯尔特人开始的。"凯尔特"
这个词语相当普遍地经常用来区分不列颠岛的早期居民和后来的盎格鲁-撒克
逊人侵者。
罗马人的统治从公元43年起延续了300多年。在罗马人于408年最后撤走之前，该岛开始遭到来自北欧的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的侵扰，经历了一段日
趋混乱的时期。"England"这个词正是从"Angles"而来的。在此后的两个世纪中,
侵扰逐步变成了定居，并建立了许多小王国。不列颠人在如今的威尔士和康沃尔地区独立生存下去。这些小王国中出现了力量较强称霸全国的王国，先是在北方(诺森布里亚王国)，然后在中部（麦西亚王国），最后在南方(西撒克斯王国)。但是，来自斯堪的纳维亚的北欧海盗接着入侵英国并定居下来，尽管在10世纪时西撒克斯王朝曾击败过入侵的丹麦人并一度称霸英格兰的广大区域。
1066年发生了对英格兰的最后一次成功入侵。诺曼底的威廉公爵在黑斯廷斯战役中击败了英国人，来自法国的诺曼人和其他人来此定居。在随后的3个世纪中，法语成为贵族的语言，法律结构受到了英吉利海峡彼岸所通行的那一套的影响，社会结构在某种程度上也受到了影响。
威尔士虽然常常处于英格兰人的势力范围之内，但一直是凯尔特人的堡垒。然而在1282年卢埃林王子阵亡之后，爱德华一世发动了一场战役并取得胜利，把威尔士置于英格兰的统治之下。威尔士人的民族情绪继续高涨,15世纪初由欧文·格林德领导的起义便说明了这一点。1536年和1542年的联合法令把英格兰与威尔士在行政、政治和法律上统为一体。
当初住在苏格兰的大多是皮克特人。公元6世纪，来自爱尔兰的苏格兰人在如今的阿盖尔地区定居。洛锡安住着英格兰人，而威尔士不列颠人则继续北上来到斯特拉思克莱德。9世纪时，苏格兰各地区联合起来抵御北欧海盗。在整个中世纪，英格兰当时强大的君主国一直威胁着苏格兰的独立。
英格兰与苏格兰最终的联合表明，当时宗教上的差异比之以往的民族仇视更加至关紧要。在英格兰，伊丽莎白一世于1603年由苏格兰詹姆斯六世(英格兰詹姆斯一世)继位。即使如此，英格兰和苏格兰除了在奥利弗·克伦威尔统治时一度被强行联合在一起，在17世纪它们一直是相互独立的。到1707年，由于意识到更紧密的政治和经济联合会带来益处，双方同意建立一个单一的大不列颠议会。苏格兰仍然保留自己的司法制度和宗教社区。但是在乔治一世和乔治二世这两位汉诺威王室新教徒统治期间，英格兰和苏格兰之间的关系紧张起来，詹姆斯二世党人发动过两次叛乱，试图恢复信奉天主教的斯图亚特王室。
爱尔兰在公元前就出现了许多王国，但爱尔兰并没有能免受北欧海盗的侵犯，到公元10世纪时竟成了北欧海盗的一统天下。
1169年英格兰的亨利二世发动对爱尔兰的入侵。英格兰籍教皇阿德里安四世授予亨利二世最高统治者的权力，因为他急于想使爱尔兰教会完全顺从罗马。爱尔兰大部分地区都落到了盎格鲁—诺曼权贵手中，但是在中世纪英格兰几乎没有在此直接行使管辖权。
都铎王朝的几位君主干预爱尔兰的倾向要强烈得多。在伊丽莎白一世统治时期，对爱尔兰造反者发动过
一系列战役。'抵抗运动主要集中在北部的乌尔斯特
省,1607年由于抵抗运动失败以及领导人出逃，乌尔斯特变成了来自苏格兰和英格兰的移民聚居地区。
由于英国内战(1642~1652)，爱尔兰又爆发了多次起义，但都被克伦威尔镇压下去。1688年詹姆斯二世被废黯之后，英格兰与爱尔兰之间的战争更是不断。18世纪大部分都是脆弱的和平时期。18世纪末，英国政府为谋求稳定作出了多方努力。1782年，爱尔兰议会(建立于中世纪)获得立法自主权；在宪法上与大不到颠的唯一纽带是王国政府。然而，该议会仅仅代表少数盎格鲁-爱尔兰特权阶层，天主教徒被排斥在外。1798年发生了一次起义，但没有成功；1801年，爱尔兰与大不列颠联合为一体。
虽然1916年都柏林民族起义者的起义遭到了镇压，但是在第一次世界大战未期，一股称为爱尔兰共和军的游击力量开始对英国当局采取军事行动。1920年通过的爱尔兰政府法案规定要成立两个地方自治议会，一个设在都柏林，另一个设在贝尔法斯特。该法案于1921年在北爱尔兰实施，乌尔斯特省9个郡中有6个接受了它们自己的议会，同时在英国议会中仍享有席位，并服从英国议会的最高管辖权。但是，爱尔兰共和军继续在南部为争取脱离英国当局赢得独立而战斗。1921年6月签订了停战协定之后，根据同年12月缔结的英—爱条约建立于爱尔兰自由邦,1949年该自由邦成为爱尔兰共和国。
海峡岛和马恩岛虽不属于联合王国，但与联合王国有着特殊的关系。海峡岛在10世纪和11世纪时曾是诺曼底公国的一部分。马恩岛在1266年以前名义上一直由挪威行使主权，到1765年最终才直接由王国
政府管辖。今天，海峡岛和马恩岛都有各自的立法机构和法律制度，英国政府则负责那里的防卫和国际关系事务。

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