高中英语语法讲义  形容词与副词
形容词比较级和最高级的构成规则
（1）规则变化
构成
原级
比较级
最高级
一般加-er和-est
strong
stronger
strongest
以字母e结尾只加-r, -st
late
later
latest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写这一辅音字母后再加-er, -est
hot
thin
hotter
thinner
hottest
thinnest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i再加-er, -est
angry
ugly
early
angrier
uglier
earlier
angriest
ugliest
earliest
其他双音节和多音节词，在形容词前加more或most
enthusiastic
more enthusiastic
most enthusiastic
注意：
①词尾为“元音字母+y”时，y不变，直接加-er或-est。
grey →greyer→greyest
②有少数几个双音节词以及以-er及-le结尾的词，可以有两种比较级和最高级形式。
common-commoner/ more common→commonest/ most common
clever→cleverer/ more clever→cleverest/ most clever
simple→simpler/ more simple→simplest/ most simple
③在原级形容词前加less, least而构成的比较级与最高级称为“较低级”与“最低级”形式。
kind→less kind→least kind
useful→less useful→least useful
④一些复合形容词的比较等级。
well-known→better-known→best known
⑤有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，故没有比较级和最高级。如：right正确的，wrong错误的，excellent最好的，final最后的，last最后的，possible可能的，first第一，east东方的，empty空的，wooden木制的，impossible不可能的，favorite 最喜欢的。
（2）不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good/well（身体好）
better
best
bad
worse
worst
far
farther（指距离：更远的）；further（等同于farther或指程度：更深入的）
farthest（指距离：最远的）；furthest（等同于farthest或指程度：最深入的）
old
older（指年龄、新旧：较老的、较旧的；指血缘：年纪较长的，此时等同于elder）;elder（指血缘：年纪较长的）
oldest（指年龄、新旧：最老的、最旧的；指血缘：最年长的，此时等同于eldest）;eldest（指血缘：最年长的）
形容词的比较等级
（一）平级比较的句型
1. as+原级+as+被比较对象，意为“和…一样…”。
He is as diligent as the monitor.
2. not so/ as+原级+as+被比较对象，意为：不如…
Tom is not so busy as Dick.
（二）比较级的句型
1. 主语+谓语+形容词比较级+than+被比较的对象，意为：比…更…
Do you know why winter is colder than summer?
2. 主语+谓语+the+形容词比较级+of+…（两者比较）
base的形容词He is the taller of the two brothers.
3. 主语+谓语+no+形容词比较级+than+被比较对象，意为：…和…一样不…
He is no more careful than you( are).
4. the+形容词比较级…the+形容词比较级…，意为：越…越…
The harder you study, the greater progress you’ll make.
5. 形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级/more and more+原级，意为：越来越…
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
6. 其他形式的比较级句式：
①be senior to比…年龄大
I am five years senior to Jane.
=I am five years older than Jane.
=I am older than Jane by five years.
②be junior to比…年轻
Jane is five years junior to me.
=Jane is five years younger than me.
=Jane is younger than me by five years.
③be superior to比…好
This computer is superior to the one you bought.
=This computer is better than the one you bought.
④be inferior to比…差
This photo is inferior to that one.
=This photo is worse than that one.
（三）最高级的句型
1. the+形容词最高级（+名词）+表示范围的状语
She is the most active student in our class.
2. one of+the+形容词最高级+名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
=Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
3. the+序数词+形容词最高级+名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
4.“否定词+形容词比较级”表示最高级的意思
No one can be more careful than he is.
5. 形容词比较级+than any other+名词单数
He is busier than any other worker in his workshop.
（四）注意表示倍数的几种句式
1. …倍数+as+形容词原级+as…
2. …倍数+形容词比较级+than…
3. …倍数+the size, length, etc.+ of…
4. The+名词+be+倍数+what从句
5. The+名词+be+倍数+that/ those of…
Asia is four times as large as Europe. = Asia is four times larger than Europe. =Asia is four times the size of Europe.
用所给词的适当形式填空：
①One way to develop self-confidence is to do the thing that you fear and to get a record of______ (success) experience behind you.
②-What is the ______ (difficult) part of your job?
  -Handling the angry customers is the toughest.
③With online shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as an______ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers.
答案
①successful  ②most difficult  ③efficient
副词
（一）形容词+ -ly构成副词的规则
情况
构成
例词
一般情况
加-ly
quick-quickly  brave-bravely immediate-immediately
辅音字母+y结尾
将y改为i再加-ly
easy-easily, happy-happily  heavy-heavily, busy-busily
le结尾
去e加-y
simple-simply, gentle-gently
元音字母+e结尾
去e加-ly
true-truly
ll结尾
只加-y
full-fully, dull-dully
ic结尾
加-ally
basic-basically, scientific-scientifically
（二）副词的比较等级
1. 副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
（1）规则变化：与形容词的比较级和最高级的构成规则相同。
（2）不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther（指距离）further（指距离和抽象概念）
farthest（指距离）furthest（指距离和抽象概念）
2. 副词比较等级的用法
副词的原级、比较级及最高级的用法和结构均与形容词相对应的用法和结构一致。用法上，只需将相应结构中的形容词换成副词即可。
This kind of language appeared as early as the Stone Age.
It doesn’t rain so/ as frequently here as it does in our country.
Anthony is out of shape. I can run faster and farther than him.
The car runs less smoothly than it used to.
Josie speaks Chinese no more fluently than her brother.
I run not faster than anyone else in my class.
The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
The fire spread further and further with the wind blowing more and more strongly.
Of all the subjects, I like art (the) best.
小结：形容词和副词用法
1，形容词: 定语  形容词+名词/ 不定代词 +形容词

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