翻译讲义4
Part I. Homework
Part II. Methods of Discriminating (辨别) the Original Meaning of an English Word
1. Judging from the Word Formation 根据构词法
2. Judging from the References 根据指代关系
3. Judging from the Context and Collocation
根据上下文或词语搭配
4.Judging from Different Branched of Learning and Specialties 根据不同学科或专业类型
III. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word
1. Deduction 推演法
2. Transplant  移植法
3. Extension  引申法
4. Substitution 替代法
5. Explanation 释意法
6. Combination 合并法
7. Transliteration 音译法
8. Pictographic Translation 图形法
Part I. Homework
Please translate the following terms, especially focus on the word “touch”:
1. to touch sb. On the shoulder
译文:轻轻按某人的肩膀
    拍某人的肩膀
Re: with fingers or hands
  to put your hands or fingers onto sb. /sth.
2. to touch one’s lips to the children’s forehead
译文:轻吻小孩的前额
Re: to move sth. 移动东西;
to hit sb.    打某人
(often in negative sentence) to move sth.; to hit or hurt sb.
(常用于否定句)          移动,碰到; (打)人;使受伤害
3. to touch glasses
译文:碰杯
Re: no space between
  (of two or more things, surface, etc.) to be or become so close together than that there is no space between
  (两个或以上的东西,表面等) 接触,触及
4. to touch the high point in one’s career
译文:达到某人的事业顶峰
Re: reach level  达到水平
  to reach a particular level, etc.
  达到某一水平等
5. to be touched to the quick
译文:触及痛楚/痛处
Re: affect sb./sth. 影响某人/某事
  to make sb. Feel upset or sympathetic 感动; 触动; 使同情
  quick n.  often, the quick: the soft, sensitive flesh that is under the fingernails
                        (指甲下的)活肉
Idiom: cut sb. to the quick: to upset sb. very much by doing so saying sth. unkind.
      (恶意的言行) 深深伤害,把……伤到家
6. hair touched with grey
译文: 有点花白的头发
Re: to affect or concern sb./sth. base的形容词影响, 与……有关
7. to touch sb. to the heart
译文: 触动某人的心弦
8. Give your hair a touch of spring.
译文: 给你的秀发(增)添一丝活力.
    给你的秀发(增)添一缕春.
    给你的秀发春天的格调.
    给你的头发增添弹性.
Re: touch of sth.
(cn. often, sing.) a very small amount. 一点儿,少许
spring: 1.春天, 春季;
      2.弹簧,弹力,弹性;
      3.泉水;
      4.活力,朝气;
      5.跳,跃;
      本句用的是引申意
Part II. Methods of Discriminating (辨别) the Original Meaning of an English Word
1. Judging from the Word Formation 根据构词法
Since English words are prone (易于发生的) to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a given word. In order to discriminate the original meaning of an word ,it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology and specially, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding(复合词),derivation(派生词),affixation(缀合法), blending(拼缀词), acronym(首字母缩略词), clipping(缩略词), etc..
中国的汉字,传说是仓颉造出来的,英语中没有类似的说法.但是,英语研究者也像中国学者把汉字分成象形\指事\会意\形声\专注\假借等六书一样,把英语单词的来源大致上分为五种:
    1). 基本词 (base);
    2). 合成词 (combining words);
    3). 缩略词 (shortening words);
    4). 拼缀词 (blending words);
    5). 转类词 (shifting words).
其中的基本词是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词.这些词虽然在英语词汇中占少数,但是出现频率较高,是非专门记忆不可的.但是对于另外四类词来说,我们则可以借助构词法的一般知识,在阅读中撇掉字典,猜测它们的含义.
首先我们来说一下缩略词.缩略词可分为两种:
    一种是对原来完整的词进行加工,缩略其中一部分字母,构成新词.如:
    phone=telephone
    copter=helicopter
    auto=automobile
    ad=advertisement
    flu=influenza
    fridge=refrigerator
    另外一种缩略词是首字母缩略词(acronyms),如：
    CIA=Central Intelligence Agency
    CID=Criminal Investigate Department
    ICAC=Independent Commission Against Corruption
    FBI=Federal Bureau of Investigation
    FDI=Foreign Direct Investment
    NPC=National People’s Congress
        The Standing Committee of National People’s Congress
    CCPCC=Chinese Communist Party’s Central Committee
    GDP=Gross Domestic Product

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