过去分词
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种，从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词，形容词，副词的特性，可以在句子当中做定语，表语，宾语补足语，状语。过去分词常与逻辑主语之间构成被动
关系，表示被动或者完成。
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
一、当过去分词作为表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动
语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态，表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用-ing 形式来修饰物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣.
二、当过去分词作为定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作
定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前. 分词短语位于其修饰词后面。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
看看那些碎了的玻璃瓶。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
穿着白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
三、当过去分词作为状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1)因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写.
值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致.
再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题.
从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这base的形容词
种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是held high 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
(2) 信号一发出，汽车就开动了.
(_______ 是_________ 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语是_________
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1)因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了.
(2)_如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. =
他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶.
四、当过去分词作为宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think 等.
(1) 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌
(2) 他发现他的家乡变化很大.
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1) 明天我要理发.
(2) 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
3. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如want，wish，like，hate等后。如：
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
(2) 他不愿这事被提起。
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如:
He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
五、"with +宾语+过去分词"的结构
此结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语.
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) 事情得到解决，我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4) 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他.
(5) 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.
练习
1. Mr. Smith, _______ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel.
A. tired; boring
B. tiring; bored
C. tired; bored
D. tiring; boring
2. On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to see her baby well _________.
A. looked for
B. cared for
C. take care of
D. cared after
3. The two old sisters, _________ so long, held each other and burst into tears.
A. being separated
B. having been separated
C. having separated
D. had been separated
4. Let’s have a rest. The _______ work made me very ________.
A. tired; tired
B. tiring; tiring
C. tired; tiring
D. tiring; tired
5. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A. adding
B. to have added
C. to add
D. added
6. As we all know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts can keep us ______ about what is happening in the world.
A. informing
B. to inform
C. informed
D. being informed
7. Everyone was ________ by his _______ progress which he made during the two months.
A. surprised; surprise
B. surprised; surprised
C. surprised; surprising
D. surprising; surprising
8. When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _________ him.
A. looking
B. watch at
C. fixing on
D. staring at
9. The film you saw last light was made _________ on a true story that happened many years ago.
A. base
B. to be based
C. based
D. basing
10. After _______ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.
A. finished
B. being finished
C. having finished
D. be finishing
11. Follow the directions on the bottle carefully when __________the medicine.
A. you will take
B. taking
C. to take
D. taken
12. The students, ________ their teachers, came home.
A. followed
B. follow
C. following
D. will follow
13. The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in people’s sadness, _______ no result.      A. reached    B. to reach      C. would reach    D. reaching
14. They spent the night _________ in the room.
A. having locked
B. locking
C. to be locked
D. locked
15. He wrote a letter to the king ___________.
A. hoping to be set free
B. to set him free
C. so that be set free
D. asked to be set free
16. Steven has devoted all his life to _______ films, and Kate, his wife, is also ________ to the duty of her profession.
A. make; devoted
B. making; devoting
C. making; devoted
D. make; devoting
17. ________ in the dark, his head hit against a tree.
A. Walking
B. He was walking
C. Walked
D. When he was walking
18. Time should be made good use ________ our lessons well.
A. of learning
B. to learn
C. to learning
D. of to learn
19. The film, ________ true story of this Red Army general, attracted people’s interest all over the country.
A. is based on
B. is on the base of
C. which is the base of
D. based upon
20. She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_______.
A. stole
B. missing
C. missed
D. losing
21. _________ it rains, we will stay at home.
A. Supposed
B.  Supposing
C. To suppose
D. If suppose
22. _________ with yours, our library is _________ too small a size.
A. Comparing; in
B. Comparing; of
C. Compared; in
D. Compared; of
23. It’s dangerous to carry a hot pan with ________ oil.
A. burning
B. burnt
C. burn
D. burns
24. We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.
A. dated
B. dating
C. coming
D. kept
25. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _______ and his glaring eyes _______ straight upwards.
A. set; looked
B. set; looking
C. setting; looked
D. setting; looking
26. ________ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals.
A. Having lost
B. Losing
C. Lost
D. He was lost
27. The Golden Gate Bridge, ________ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.
A. which is built
B. which built
C. having built
D. built
28. I suggested the cheat _________ into prison.
A. referred to being put
B. referred be put
C. referred should be put
D. referred to be put
29. ___________, I went out for a walk.
A. There was nothing to do
B. There being nothing to do
C. There had nothing to do
D. Had nothing to do
30. He returned home to learn that the girl ________ had been married the secretary village.
A. became engaged to him
B. was engaged to him
C. engaged to him before
D. got engaged to him
31. __________ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldn’t like to talk about it to his parents.
A. Disappointed
B. To be disappointed
C. Disappointing
D. Having disappointed
32. _________ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by ________ enemy soldiers.
A. Hidden; armed
B. Hide; armed
C. hidden; arm
D. Hiding; armed
33. To have the wonderful cloth ________ new clothes, they had the machine ______ all day long.
A. made of; running
B. made of; run
C. made into; working
D. made into; work
34. The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November 10, _______ our Chinese 15- year wait.        A. to end      B. ended      C. ending      D. ends
35. If _______ in wet sand, the vegetables can_______ fresh for a long time.
A. being buried; remain
B. buried; remain
C. buried; be remained
D. burying; remain
36. _________ over and over again, but he still couldn’t understand.
A. Having explained
B. having been explained
C. Explaining
D. It had been explained
37. Everything _________, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into practice.
A. considering
B. taken into consideration
C. to consider
D. taking into consideration
38. ________ from the moon, our earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “ blue ball”.
A. Seen; covered
B. seeing; covering
C. Seen; covering
D. To see; to cover
39. A great big fellow, ________around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.
A. weighed
B. weighing
C. weighs
D. weighty
40. --- The plan ________ is of great importance to everybody.
--- I see. He is sure to finish it on time.
A. made
B. making
C. to be made
D. to make
41. From the dates________ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago.
A. marking
B. marked
C. to be marked
D. having been marked
42. Hearing the good news, I felt a heavy load ________ my mind.
A. taking off
B. to be taken off
C. having taken off
D. taken off
43. The students were listening to the teacher, with their eyes ________.
A. widely open
B. wide opened
C. widely opened
D. wide open
44. The scientist came to the meeting with his wife ________ him.
A. being supported
B. supporting
C. supported
D. support
45. The noise of the machines _________ can be clearly heard in our classroom.
A. fixed
B. being fixed
C. to be fixed
D. having been fixed
46. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute __________.
A. being settled
B. to be settled
C. had settled
D. as settled
47. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _________ on benches, chairs, or boxes.        A. having seated      B. seating      C. seated        D. seat

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