英⽂破折号(emdash)、连接号(endash)与连字符
(hyphen)的区别及各⾃⽤法是什么?
英⽂破折号(em dash)、连接号(en dash)与连字符(hyphen)的区别及各⾃⽤法是什么?在科技写作中有何特点?
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,电影杂志《虹膜》主编(⽀持iOS/Android…
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这个题⽬可以分解为两个问题,第⼀个问题:hyphen、en dash、em dash 三者的⼀般⽤法为何?第⼆个问题:这三者的⽤法在科技论⽂中有什么特别需要注意的地⽅?
关于第⼀个问题,知乎上其实已经有不少问答,@Lawrence Li 和@梁海都解答过。不过我还是想重新梳
理⼀遍,下⾯我把美国⼈奉为圭臬的The Chicago Manual of Style中关于这⼏种符号的⽤法摘译出来,并作了⼀些补充:
HYPHEN (-)
1. ⽤于复合词,如:
upper-case letter
2. ⽤于分隔数字或字母,例如电话号码:
或名字的拼写:
1-800-621-2376
My name is Phyllis; that's p-h-y-l-l-i-s.
3. ⽤于排版时连接因断⾏⽽被打断的单词,例如:
Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of the most dangerous coun-
tries for sexual violence.
EN DASH (–)
1. 相当于 to。主要⽤于连接数字或单词,表⽰「到并包括」(up to and including)。不过应注意,在 和 的结构中,不要⽤ en dash 去替代中间的 to 和 and。
例句:
Her college years, 1998–2002, were the happiest in her life.
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:–4:, to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train leaves at two o'clock.
I have blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
2. 后⾯什么也不接。⽐如⽤于表⽰年代,若事件仍在进⾏中,en dash 后⾯不要加空格。
例句:
Professor Plato's survey (1999–) will cover the subject in the final volume.
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
3. 代替 hyphen 的⽤途。在复合型形容词中,如果其中⼀个构成元素是开放型复合词,或者如果其中两个或多个构成元素是开放型复合词或带 hyphen 的复合词,那么应使⽤ en dash。
例句:
the post–World War II years
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
在上述前三例中,post 和 World War II,hospital 和 nursing home,以及 nursing home 和 home 都是所属新的复合词中的元素,这些元素本⾝已经是开放型复合词,为了避免混淆和层次清晰,应使⽤ en dash 来连接。第四例中,quasi-public 和 quasi-judicial 是两个独⽴的均带hyphen 的复合词,它们需要进⼀步连接起来,所以中间⽤了 en dash。
⽤来对照的反例如下:
non-English-speaking peoples
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
上述前两例都是单个词的复合,尽管由三个以上元素构成,⼀律都⽤ hyphen。第三例中,复合词的缩写(U.S.)视为⼀个词,所以也⽤hyphen。
4. 其他⽤法:en dash 有时⽤作减号,尽管两者原则上并⾮同⼀个符号。另外,它也可以⽤于连接拥有不同校区的⼤学。
例句:
the University of Wisconsin–Madison
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
EM DASH (—)
1. 它的⽤法最复杂、最灵活。为了避免混淆,⼀个句⼦不应包含超过两个 em dash,如果实在需要,应使⽤圆括弧。
2. ⽤于详述或解释。基本相当于⼀组逗号、圆括弧,或冒号的⽤途。
例句:
It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
someday是什么意思
3. ⽤于分隔引导从句的代词。
例句:
Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisp he doggedly pursued.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the
investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement's early success.
4. 表⽰思考或对话中句⼦结构的突然中断,有时也可⽤省略号代替。
例句:
"Will he—can he—obtain the necessary signatures?" asked Mill.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
但如果中断来⾃于所引⽤材料的外部,em dash 应当出现在引号的外⾯。例如:
"Someday he's going to hit one of those long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won't be there to see it."
5. 替代逗号,或与逗号⼀起使⽤。如果在需要使⽤ em dash 时,需要⽤逗号来分隔从句和独⽴分句时,逗号可以省略。
例句:
Because the data had not been fully analyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of the report was
delayed.
但如果 em dash 出现在引⽤材料的末尾表⽰中断,应当在说话⼈的⾝份之前⽤逗号。例句:
"I assure you, we shall never—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.
6. 和其他标点连⽤。⼀般来说,em dash 可以跟在问号、感叹号的后⾯,但不能跟在逗号、冒号、分号的后⾯,也⼏乎不能跟在句号的后⾯。
例句:
All at once Richardson—can he have been out of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador's face.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
7. ⽤于代替引号。有些法语作家常⽤ em dash 代替引号表⽰对话,每段话另起⼀段。
例句:
—Will he obtain the necessary signatures?
—Of course he will!
8. ⽤于索引。
例句:
—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258
2-EM 和 3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)
双重和三重的 em dash 相对少见,但也是正规的标点符号,可以介绍⼀下。
2-em dash ⽤来表⽰单词拼写不全,或名字的省略,或粗话的省略,或⽆法识别的字迹等。如果整个单词都丢失了,2-em dash 的左右两侧都应留出空格,如果只有⼀部分丢失,那么在 2-em dash 和单词现存部分之间不应有空格。如果 2-em dash 代表整个单词的结束,那么之后应留出正常的词间空格。
例句:
"The region gives its —— to the language spoken there.
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
David H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
3-em dash ⽤于参考⽂献(bibliography),后⾯接⼀个句号(.),表⽰和上⼀条是同⼀个作者。
例句:
———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
关于 en dash 和 em dash的⽤法,在英、美略有习惯差异,例如有的英国出版机构,如剑桥⼤学出版社、企鹅、劳特⾥奇等,喜欢⽤两边带空格的 en dash 来替代两边不带空格的 em dash,但这在美国很少见,⽽另⼀部分英国出版机构,如⽜津⼤学出版社,也⽀持美国那种两边不带空格的 em dash 风格。
下⾯解决第⼆个问题,在科学论⽂中,这⼏种标点的使⽤有什么特殊之处。
⼀般性的使⽤,如连接复合词、数字、年代等,和上⾯介绍的普通⽤法⼀致,但有两点或许需要特别注意。
1. 慎⽤ en dash
为了避免和减号混淆,有的地⽅最好不要⽤ en dash。
例句:
with temperature of −5 to 25°C 【正确】
with temperature of −5–25°C 【错误】
−4 to −6°C 【正确】
−4– −6°C 【错误】
2. 少⽤ em dash
有⼀部分科技论⽂写作参考书,例如Mastering Scientific and Medical Writing: A Self-help Guide,认为在科技论⽂中三种 em dash ⼀律不应采⽤,em dash 经常表⽰⼀种强有⼒的打断,如果可能,最好⽤更平滑、更柔和的圆括弧替代。
权威的Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers也不推荐在参考⽂献中使⽤ 3-em dash 来表⽰相同作者这⼀格式。
,LuaTeX-ja开发者
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LaTeX的标签是我加上去的,此答案为TeX⽤户准备,⾮TeX⽤户慎⼊。
这⼏个在符号在TeX中的⽤法,来⾃TeXbook:
Book printing differs significantly from ordinary typing with respect to dashes, hyphens, and minus signs. In good math books,
these symbols are all different; in fact there usually are at least four different symbols:
   a hyphen (-);
   an en-dash (–);
   an em-dash (—);
   a minus sign (-).
Hyphens are used for compound words like ‘daughter-in-law’ and ‘X-rated’. En-dashes are used for number ranges like ‘pages 13–34’, and also in contexts like ‘exercise 1.2.6–52’. Em-dashes are used
for punctuation in sentences—they are what we often call simply dashes. And minus signs are used in formulas. A conscientious user of TeX will be careful to distinguish
these four usages, and here is how to do it:
   for a hyphen, type a hyphen (-);
   for an en-dash, type two hyphens (--);
   for an em-dash, type three hyphens (---);
   for a minus sign, type a hyphen in mathematics mode ($-$).
在TeX中,连字符需要使⽤⼿动添加的并不多,因为TeX的断词算法相当强⼤,断⾏+断词的情况下会⾃动添加连字符。如需添加其他的断字选项,可使⽤\hyphenation{mom-ent}这个命令进⾏仿制。⽽对于连字符的形式,你都可以换成任意的符号形式,这需要使⽤\hypenchar命令进⾏调整。
⽽em-dash和en-dash的⽣成机制是TeX的tfm中预先设定好的ligature作⽤得到的。这个⽅法省事⼀点。TeX⽤户需要的只是多敲⼊-即可。减号呢,也是⽤连字符可以输⼊的,在TeX中会⾃⾏转换。⾄于混⽤,则就不是TeX的问题,是作者的偏好了。
,LaTeX 是我吃饭的家伙
知乎⽤户、知乎⽤户、赞同
Wikipedia 对此有详尽的解释和⽰范⽤例
,经济学研究⽣ @rangerqu
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这个问题我⾃⼰也查了⼀下。
在英⽂中,这三个符号分别叫做 hyphen (-)、en dash (–) 和 em dash (—),下⾯分别介绍⼀下这三个符号的使⽤⽅法:Hyphen (-)
Hyphen 就是连字号,主要⽤在以下⼏种情况:
1. ⾏末单词换⾏,例如
We, therefore, the represen-
tatives of the United States
of America…
2. 连接前缀与后缀,例如
co-workeranti-intellectual
3. 连接复合词的各个组成部分,例如
28-year-old woman
4. 分隔数字,例如
Tel: 585-362-4115
ISBN: 7-80087-535-0
En dash (–)
En dash 是连接号,其长度等于⼤写字母 N,是 em dash 的⼀半,主要⽤在以下⼏种情况:
1. 连接数字表⽰起⽌范围,相当于中⽂⾥的「~」,例如
June–July 1967
1:00–2:
pp. 38–55
President Jimmy Carter (1977–81)
2. 表⽰两者之间的关系和联系,相当于中⽂⾥的「-」,例如
The Supreme Court voted 5–4 to uphold the decision.
Boston–Hartford route
mother–daughter relationship
The Glass–Steagall Act
3. 在复合词构成的形容词定语中替代 hyphen,例如
pre–Civil War era
Pulitzer Prize–winning novel
public-school–private-school rivalries
New York–London flight
在使⽤ en dash 时要注意,其前后都不留空格,除⾮是不留空格影响美观的时候,例如⽤「12 June – 3 July」替代「12 June–3 July」。
此外,由于 en dash 的长度通常与加号(+)⼀样,所有有的时候也被⽤来替代减号(−),但实际上 en dash 与减号是不同的。
Em dash (—)
Em dash 的长度等于⼤写字母 M,使⽤⽅法与中⽂的破折号(——)类似,主要⽤在以下⼏种情况:
1. 替代逗号,将⼀个特定的概念从⼀个句⼦的主要从句中分离出来,例如
Sometimes writing for money—rather than for art or pleasure—is really quite enjoyable.
2. 分隔⼀个插⼊的想法或从句,例如
I can’t believe how pedantic Ken is about writing—I mean, doesn't he have anything better to do?
3. 表⽰对话被打断,例如
“I reached in and pulled the spray can out of my pants—”
“In front of the police?”
在使⽤ em dash 时也要注意,其前后都不留空格。
另外,还有 2-em dash 和 3-em dash 两种⽤法:
2-em dash
2-em dash 即两个 em dash 连写,主要⽤于:
1. 表⽰在单词中省略了字母,例如
Mr. H—— and Mr. S—— entered into a legal agreement.
2. 表⽰在句⼦中省略了单词,这时前⾯需要加空格,例如
I distinctly heard him say, “Go away or I’ll ——”.
3-em dash
3-em dash 即三个 em dash 连写,主要⽤于:
1. 表⽰在句⼦中省略了单词,与 2-em dash 的第⼆种⽤法相同
2. 在参考⽂献⽬录中,如果紧接着的条⽬作者相同时⽤以省略,例如
Acemoglu, Daron, 1999. “Patterns of Skill Premia” NBER Working Paper No. 7018.
———, 2001. “Directed Technical Change”, NBER Working Paper No. 8287.
那么,如何在电脑上输⼊这⼏种符号呢?
Hyphen (-)
Hyphen 的 Unicode 编码是 U+2010,在 MS Word ⾥可以先输⼊ 2010 再按 Alt + X。
不过在 ASCII 编码系统中,hyphen 被编为45号字符「hyphen-minus」,也就是我们电脑键盘上「0」和「=」之间的那个「-」。在通常情况下我们直接使⽤这个符号就可以了。
En dash (–)
En dash 的 Unicode 编码是 U+2013,在 MS Word ⾥可以先输⼊ 2013 再按 Alt + X,更简便的⽅法是利⽤ MS Word 的⾃动更正功能:按空格,按两下「-」,再按空格,例如输⼊「this is -- a test」,将转换为「this is – a test」(当然,要注意 en dash 前后⼀般是不留空格的)。
En dash 在 Windows ⾥可以⽤ Alt + 0150 (即按下 Alt 键的同时依次按下 0150)来输⼊,在 Mac ⾥可以⽤⌥+ - 来输⼊,在 TeX ⾥可以⽤-- 输⼊,在 HTML ⾥可以⽤ – 来输⼊。
Em dash (—)
Em dash 的 Unicode 编码是 U+2014,在 MS Word ⾥可以先输⼊ 2014 再按 Alt + X,更简便的⽅法是利⽤ MS Word 的⾃动更正功能:不加空格,直接按两下「-」,例如
输⼊「this is--a test」,将转换为「this is—a test」
Em dash 在 Windows ⾥可以⽤ Alt + 0151 来输⼊,在 Mac ⾥可以⽤⌥ + ⇧ + - 来输⼊,在 TeX ⾥可以⽤ ---输⼊,在 HTML ⾥可以⽤
— 来输⼊。
Minus sign (−)
减号的 Unicode 编码是 U+2212,在 MS Word ⾥可以先输⼊ 2212 再按 Alt + X。
减号在 TeX ⾥可以⽤ $-$ 输⼊,在 HTML ⾥可以⽤ − 来输⼊。

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