英国部分名词解释
1.The British Commonwealth 英联邦 07年考
It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth
2.Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. He formulated a legal system. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".
monarchy3.William the Conqueror 威廉征服
 William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
4. Heptarchy 七王国
  During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain was divided into many kingdoms, These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.
5. Witan 贤人会议
    Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king .It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
6. Domesday Book
    William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which com
pleted in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.
7.  the Great Charter
The Great Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which king John was forced to sign in 1215. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the church, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers.
8. .The Black Death
It was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by  rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.
9.  the Hundred Years’ War
It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.
10.  The Wars of Roses
They referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme.
11. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命
,William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
12.  the Bill of Rights
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.
13.Blood Mary血腥玛丽
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.
14. Whigs and Tories
It referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident
Tories and became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
15. Thatcherism
Mrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private owner-ship of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序

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