Britain
Chapter One
Geography. People and Language
New Words & Phrases.
temperate 温带、和的
precipitation 降雨量
latitude 纬度
immigrant 移民
colony 殖民地
diverse 多样化的
Germanic 日尔曼语系的
evolve 演变，发展
Vikings 北欧海盗
codify 编簨,系统化
undocumented 无文件记载的
subsequently 随后的
barbarian 野蛮人
division 部分，分界线
husbandary 饲养业
missionary 传教士
monastery 修道院
I. Geography
1. full name: the United Kindom of Great Britain and Northen Lreland.
2. Location: the U.K locates to the northwest of mainland Europe,an island country surrounded by sea,It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean.
3. Area: 242.910 square kilometers
4. Composition: British Isles
5. Political division: England, Scotland, Wales, Northen Island
6. Mountain: Ben Nevis (本尼维斯)，1st 1343m
7. River: Seven River (塞文河)，1st ,338km (in Wales)
Thames River(in England), 2nd ,336km
8. Lake: Lough Neagh(内湖)，1st ,338km
(in Northern Ireland)
9. climate:a maritime climate
plentiful preciperation
foggy,rainy, instablility
10:Major Cities:
1st :London,capital
2nd :Birmingham(伯明翰)
3rd :Leeds(利兹)
II. People
1.Race:the English 81.5%
The Scottish 9.6%
The Irish 1.9%
The North Irish 7%
2.Population: 60 million (a 2005 estimate)
3.Religion: Christianity
III. Language: English is a member of the Indo-European family of language. It is in the Germanic group of this family.
1.Periods
Old English(5th -1150)
The Angles,Saxons and Jutes drove the Celtic-speaking people out of what is now England into Scotland,Wales, and the Ireland in the 5th and 6th century, they used the language of northeastern regien of the Netherland—that is now called Old English.
Middle English(1150-1550)
In 1066, William, the Conqueror invaded and conquered England, they used French as the official language,so many French words came into English vocabulary. English day by day evolved into what is now referred to as Middle English.
Modern English(1550-now)
In 1467, The printing press was introduced by William Caxton,who brought standardization to English, the dialect of London became the standard. Spelling and grammar became fixed.
2.Standard English
It is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media.It is used as much in printed material and is normally taught in schools and to non –native speakers learning language. It is called Queen’s English or BBC English. At present, nearly a quarter of the world’s population use
English. It has became a universal linguia franca
Chapter Two History
New words and Phrases
pious 虔诚的
coronation 加冕
feudalism 封建制度
charter 宪章
constitution 宪法
provision 条款
parliament 议会
monarchy 君主制度
Puritan 清教徒
dominion 领土，统治权
retake 收回
originate 发源
maritime 海上的，靠海的
norm 准则
dialect 方言，地方话
Christianity 基督教
the British Isles 不列颠岛
Guildhall 市政厅
St.Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂
Indo-European family of language 印欧语系
monarchyNorthen Ireland 北爱尔兰
I. The Origin of the Nation (55BC-1066AC)国家的起源
史前史：
巨石阵：In 2500BC，TheBeaker folk(比克人) invaded the British islands,they built the Stonshenge in 1800BC-1400BC。
In 1000BC,The Celts(凯尔特人) from the west of the Europe invaded the British island 3 times and settled there.
1. 55BC-410AC Roman’s rule罗马统治时代
The recorded history in Britain began in the year 55BC, Julius Caesar(凯撒大帝) and his troops invaded and ruled the island. The Celts became slaves,and many of them were driven to the mountains of Scoltland an Wales.The Britain became a province of Rome.
2. 446AC-871AC The Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊时代
In the mid-5th century the Anglo-Saxons and The Jute from Denmark and Northern Germany, invaded the Britain and drove all the Roman troops, their language was English, replaced the Celtic language. the country became known as England, meaning”the land of the Angles.”
The Heptarchy(七国时代):to the beginning of 7th century,they built 7 countries.In 596AC St.Augustine(圣奥古斯丁 )was sent to Britain to convert the Anglo-saxons.By the late of 7th century, Roman Christianity become the dominant religion.
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