Recognizing Valid and lnvalid Arguments
辨别哪些是有根据的论断，哪些是没根据的论断

When authors use logical reasoning in their passages, they are said to contain valid arguments. These arguments are based upon facts and accurate details. Conversely, when authors use illogical reasoning in their passages, they are said to contain invalid arguments. Invalid arguments are based on some type of faulty reasoning, called fallacies.

Recognizing Valid and lnvalid Arguments

Fallacies that Rely on Irrelevant Issues

and/or Emotional Appeals

1. Ad Hominem (argument to the person)

2. Ad Populum (argument to the people)

3. Bandwagon Appeal

4. Red Herring
1. Ad Hominem (argument to the person)

Authors use ad hominem when they shift the focus of an argument away from the issues and towards the authors' opponent. Ad hominem arguments often contain personal commentary and personal attacks.

Example: It is obvious that Merle has no business serving as a member of the child welfare committee. He cannot even maintain his own household--his wife just left him.

valid from是什么意思

2. Ad Populum (argument to the people)

The ad populum fallacy occurs when authors evade the issues and appeal to the emotions of the people-the reader in this case. The authors' appeal is made to allegiances and beliefs that people hold dear.

Example: If you are a real American you will exercise your right to vote.

3. Bandwagon Appeal

The bandwagon appeal appears when authors suggest that everyone agrees with it, does it, or believes it. Rather than provide solid reasons to support claims, the author merely suggests that since everyone else is in agreement it is valid support-BUT IT IS NOT!

Example: I'm going to get that new CD recorder because everyone I know has it.

4. Red Herring

Authors sometime introduce irrelevant issues to distract the reader's attention away from the real issues. This is the red herring fallacy. You can easily remember the "red herring" fallacy if you remember how the term originated. During foxhunts, servants would drag a smoked herring fish across the trail of the foxes. The fish scent would divert the hunting dogs attention away from the foxes and lengthened the "thrill of the chase" for the hunters. Likewise, when authors use red herring fallacy, they divert your attention away from the real issues.

Example: It is wasteful to enact laws against drunk drivers when so many murders are walking our streets.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。