第三章形合与意合；（Hypotacticvs．Paratactic；所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手；所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连；一、英语的形合法；英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，；1．关系词和连接词；1）Allwasclearedupsometim；过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小钢球坠落的当；2）第三章 形合与意合
（ Hypotactic vs．Paratactic）
所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。The American Heritage Dictionary给形合定义为，“The dependent or subordinate or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don?t come.”英语造句主要采取形合（Hypotactic）。
所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。The World Book Dictionary给意合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them．Example： The rain fell；the river flooded; the house washed away．”汉语造句主要采用意
合法（Parataxis）。
一、英语的形合法
英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁：
1．关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who，whom，whose，that，which，what，when，where，why，how等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or，but， yet，so，however，as well as，（n）either?（n）or?及when，while，as，since，until，so?that，unless，lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这类词，如：
1） All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell．
过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小钢球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
2）When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect，it seems to me that there are two causes，of which one goes much deeper than the other．
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。
3）It had been a fine，golden autumn，a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth， and some of them their lives，before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall．
那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
4）It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read，and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with
their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection．（W．S．Maugham：Lucidity，Simplicity，Euphony）
认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
5）It was what sentimentalists，who deal in very big words，call a yearning after the ideal， and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change.
（W．Thackeray：Vanity Fair）
一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。
2．介词。介词包括简单介词(如with，to，in，of，about，between，through)、合成介词 (如inside，onto，upon，within，without，throughout)和成语介词 (如according to，along
with，apart from，because of，in front of，on behalf of，with regard to)。根据G．Curme统计，英语各类介词共约286个。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或从句的重要手段。R．Bander指出：“ A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word the sentence．…Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing．…Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions：with，to，from，at，in，of，by，for and on．”英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或省略介词：
1)The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside． 彩虹有多种颜，外圈红，内圈紫。
2)He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession．
他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。
3)This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr．Strong in the chair．
这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。
4)Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current．
电流可以把动力传送到很远的地方，其消耗几乎可以忽略不计。
5)The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind．
当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
6)Change of information，if any，concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book．
本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
7)She said，with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother，”and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia，for being alone in the world，an orphan without friends
or kindred．(“Vanity Fair”)cracked是什么意思中文
她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。

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