Over the nearly three decades from its establishment in 1921 through the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Communist Party of China (CPC) marched down a “red” road of revolution. It was a road of hardship, passion, romance and glory. Today, increasing numbers of Chinese with an interest in history are enthusiastically revisiting former revolutionary bases and landmark sites. This is “red tourism.”
In December 2004, the Chinese government formulated the General Plan for the Development of Red Tourism (2004-2010). The plan defines the 12 major red tourist areas which best represent the progressive phases of revolution in China. Following are what are commonly considered to be the most important of those officially designated sites.documented翻译
Jinggang Mountain
Nestled in southwestern Jiangxi Province, Jinggang Mountain boasts a well-preserved ecosystem featuring precipitous cliffs and dense bamboo forests. Historically, few humans settled in the area due to limited means of access. On October 7, 1927, Mao Zedong led his troops to Maoping, Ninggang County, where he established the Red Army and the Jinggang
Mountain Revolutionary Base. The conditions were rugged and the going tough. Later, during his meeting with American journalist Edgar Snow, Mao recalled the suffering time on Jinggang Mountain: “The troops had no winter uniforms, and food was extremely scarce. For months we lived practically on squash. The soldiers shouted a slogan of their own: ‘Down with capitalism, and eat squash!’ — for to them capitalism meant landlords and the landlords’ squash.”
However, attacks from Kuomintang troops were a threat fiercer than low temperatures and starvation. To shatter the seeds of communism in China, from November 1930 to September 1931, the Kuomintang government launched three “annihilation campaigns.” Despite the harsh environment, Mao and his comrades soldiered on, carrying out land reforms and beating back the attacks of Kuomintang troops. In the course of its painstaking struggle, the CPC realized that peasants, making up the overwhelming majority of China’s population, would play a vital role in the Chinese revolution. In his essay A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire, Mao set forth a strategy by which the CPC would shift the focus of its effort from the cities to the countryside and establish revolutionary bases in the countrysi
de by mobilizing and relying on peasants. In this way would be launched a long-term revolutionary war with peasants as the backbone, developing and expanding revolutionary forces, and finally capturing the cities and achieving a nationwide victory.
Today Jinggang Mountain is popular with fans of red tourism. Here they can experience the hard life that Red Army soldiers endured: Wearing coarse clothes, eating brown rice and pumpkin soup, and trekking along mountainous paths while learning of their stories. Today, increasing numbers of tourists are flooding into the mountain. In 2003, the mountain received 3.7 million tourists, including 60,000 foreigners, and realized tourism revenues of 2.6 billion yuan. The great potential of its tourism market has attracted many investors. For instance, the US-based hotel group, Days Inn, plans to open a five-star hotel here.
Zunyi
Its prior annihilation campaigns beaten back by the Red Army, the Kuomintang troops launched an even fiercer attack on the Jinggang Mountain Revolutionary Base. In his book The Cambridge History of China, Professor Llord E. Eastman described: “But not until the fi
fth annihilation campaign of 1933-4 which Chiang employed about 800,000 troops, was advised by German and Japanese advisers, and augmented his military offensive with a stringent economic blockade of the Communist areas – did he gain a nearly decisive victory over the Communists. The Communists, defeated militarily and suffering incredibly from shortages of food, summoned their last reserves of strength and courage, broke out of the Nationalist encirclement, and in October 1934 commenced what was to become the Long March.”
The Long March was a milestone event in contemporary China. Professor John K. Fairbank, a leading scholar in modern and contemporary China studies, proclaimed the Long March as being almost a miracle, more documented than Moses leading his Chosen People through the Red Sea. The marchers covered 6,000 miles in a year, averaging 17 miles a day. However, this miracle was conceived under extremely harsh conditions. Southwestern China’s terrain is incredibly rugged, with precipitous mountains, deep valleys and rushing rivers. There are no plains.
Thanks to Mao’s military acumen, the Red Army finally routed the Kuomintang troops. From January 15 to 17, 1935, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a conference in Zunyi, a small city in Guizhou Province. Here Mao’s military strategy was acknowledged as being correct and his leadership over the Party and the Red Army was formally acknowledged.
Under Mao’s leadership, in 1949 the CPC liberated the nation and founded the People’s Republic of China, one of the most important chapters in the nation’s history.
A gifted leader, Mao rescued the Chinese revolution from near-failure and defeated an enemy previously thought to be undefeatable. He thus became an everlasting legend in human history.
A city hidden deep in the mountains, Zunyi is a popular tourist destination. Today, at the site of the Zunyi Conference stands a memorial hall. The building remains original in appearance, and the streets and lanes in front of and behind the building are paved with stone planks. Also, in order to maintain harmony with the memorial hall, the surrounding bu
ildings were all reconstructed into low structures with the architectural style of northern Guizhou of the early 20th Century. In addition, other memorials of the Long March, such as the Memorial Hall of Crossing the Chishui River Four Times and the Observatory in Loushan Pass Scenic Resort, have been restored and well preserved.

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